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V̱ LZXC HH <maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>DNS Server Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using the Domain Name System (DNS) server role, you can provide a primary name resolution process for users on your network. The name resolution process enables users to locate computers on the network by querying for a user-friendly computer name instead of an IP address. A computer running the DNS server role can host the records of a distributed DNS database and use the records to resolve DNS name queries that are sent by DNS client computers. These queries can include requests such as the names of Web sites or computers in your network or on the Internet.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also integrate the DNS server role with Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) to store and replicate DNS zones. This makes multimaster replication possible, along with more secure transmission of DNS data. In turn, AD DS requires DNS so that clients can locate domain controllers.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about the DNS server role, the required and optional features in the DNS server role, and hardware and software for running it. In addition, learn how to open the administrative tool for the DNS server role and how to find more information about it.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is the DNS server role?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>DNS is a system for naming computers and network services that organizes them into a hierarchy of domains. DNS naming is used on TCP/IP networks, such as the Internet, to locate computers and services with user-friendly names. When a user enters the DNS name of a computer in an application, DNS clients and servers work together to look up the name and provide other information that is associated with the computer, such as its IP address or services that it provides for the network. This process is called name resolution.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The DNS server role makes it possible for a server running Windows Server® 2008 to act as a name resolution server for a TCP/IP network. The network can contain computers running Windows as well as computers running other operating systems. The DNS service in Windows Server 2008 is tightly integrated with Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) so that Windows-based DHCP clients and Windows-based DHCP servers automatically register host names and IP addresses on the DNS server for the appropriate domain.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Typically, Windows Server 2008 DNS is integrated with AD DS. In this environment, DNS namespaces mirror the Active Directory forests and domains for an organization. Network hosts and services are configured with DNS names so that they can be located in the network, and they are also configured with DNS servers that resolve the names of Active Directory domain controllers.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 DNS is also often deployed as a non–AD DS, or "standard," DNS solution. For example, it can be deployed for the purposes of hosting the Internet presence of an organization.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The Windows Server 2008 DNS Server service supports and complies with standards that are specified in the set of DNS Requests for Comments (RFCs). Therefore, it is fully compatible with any other RFC-compliant DNS server. A DNS client resolver is included as a service in all client and server versions of the Windows operating system.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>New features in the DNS server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The central feature of the DNS server role is the DNS Server service. This service provides a DNS server that is fully compliant with industry standards, and it supports all standards-compliant DNS clients. You can administer a Windows Server 2008 DNS server by using a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in as well as a number of command-line tools.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 supports the new features in the following table.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Feature</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Description</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DNAME resource record support</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>The DNAME resource record provides nonterminal domain name redirection. That is, unlike the CNAME record, which creates an alias for a single node only, a single DNAME resource record causes the renaming of a root and all descendents in a domain namespace subtree. This makes it possible for organizations to rename a portion of their domain namespace—for example, to merge two namespaces as a result of a business acquisition.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Support for IPv6 addresses</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) specifies addresses that are 128 bits in length, compared to IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses, which are 32 bits long. This greater length allows for a much greater number of globally unique addresses, which are required to accommodate the explosive growth of the Internet around the world. IPv6 also provides for better routing and network autoconfiguration. The DNS server in Windows Server 2008 now supports IPv6 addresses as fully as it supports IPv4 addresses.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Read-only domain controller support</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 introduces a new type of domain controller, the read-only domain controller (RODC). An RODC provides, in effect, a shadow copy of a domain controller. You can install it in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed, such as branch offices.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To support RODCs, the DNS server in Windows Server 2008 supports a new type of zone, the primary read-only zone (also sometimes referred to as a branch office zone). The primary read-only zone is created automatically when a computer running the DNS server role is promoted to be an RODC. The zone contains a read-only copy of the DNS data that is stored in the read-only AD DS database on the RODC. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The writeable version of the data is stored on a centrally located domain controller, such as a hub site domain controller. The DNS zone data on the RODC is updated when the DNS data is replicated from the centrally located domain controllers to the RODC according to the configured replication schedule. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The administrator of the RODC can view the contents of the read-only primary zone, but only a domain administrator with permissions on the centrally located domain controller can change the zone data.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Single-label name resolution</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>The DNS Server service now supports a special zone called the GlobalNames zone to hold single-label host names. This zone can be replicated across an entire forest, so that single-label host names (for example, webserver1) can be resolved throughout the forest without the use of the Windows Internet Naming System (WINS) protocol. Although the GlobalNames zone is not intended to provide peer-to-peer single-label name resolution, you can use it to simplify the location of servers and intranet Web sites, for example.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Use performance counters, testing in the lab, data from existing hardware in a production environment, and pilot roll-outs to determine the hardware capacity that is necessary for your server.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>Typical DNS server hardware recommendations include the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Single-processor computers with 400-megahertz (MHz) Pentium II CPUs</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>512 megabytes (MB) of RAM for each processor</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>At least 4 gigabytes (GB) of available hard disk space</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A network adapter</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>Using faster CPUs, more RAM, and larger hard drives improve the scalability and performance of your DNS servers. DNS servers use approximately 100 bytes of RAM for each resource record. Using this figure, which you can obtain by looking at each zone in the DNS snap-in, you can calculate how much memory you need.</maml:para><maml:para>For information about the system requirements for Windows Server® 2008 R2, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=140279</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=140279"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing a DNS server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, a list of initial configuration tasks appears. To install a DNS server, in the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>DNS server</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing a DNS server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can manage server roles with MMC snap-ins. Use the DNS snap-in to manage a DNS server. To open the DNS snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>DNS</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about the DNS server role, you can view the Help on your server. To view the Help, open the DNS snap-in as described in the previous section, and then press F1.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>What Accessibility Features Does Windows Offer?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows offers several programs and settings that can make the computer easier and more comfortable to use. Additional assistive technology products can be added to your computer if you need other accessibility features. More information about accessibility and assistive technology products is available on the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Microsoft Accessibility</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=674"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> website.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The Ease of Access Center is a central location that you can use to set up the accessibility settings and programs available in Windows. In the Ease of Access Center, you'll find quick access for setting up the accessibility settings and programs included in Windows. You'll also find a link to a questionnaire that Windows can use to help suggest settings that you might find useful.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Open Ease of Access Center by clicking the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> button, clicking <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>, clicking <maml:ui>Ease of Access</maml:ui>, and then clicking <maml:ui>Ease of Access Center</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Use the computer without a display</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows comes with a basic screen reader called Narrator that will read aloud text that appears on the screen. Windows also has settings for providing audio descriptions for videos and controlling how dialog boxes appear.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Additionally, many other programs and hardware are compatible with Windows and available to help individuals who are blind, including screen readers, Braille output devices, and many other useful products. For more information, review the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Microsoft Accessibility</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=674"><maml:summary>Go to www.microsoft.com and search for "accessibility"</maml:summary></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> website.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Make the computer easier to see</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Several settings are available to help make the information on the screen easier to understand. For example, the screen can be magnified, screen colors can be adjusted to make the screen easier to see and read, and unnecessary animations and background images can be removed.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows includes an on-screen keyboard that you can use to type. You can also use Speech Recognition to control your computer with voice commands as well as dictate text into programs.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Make the mouse easier to use</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can change the size and color of the mouse pointer, as well as use the keyboard to control the mouse.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Make the keyboard easier to use</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can adjust the way Windows responds to mouse or keyboard input so that key combinations are easier to press, typing is easier, or inadvertent key presses are ignored.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Use text and visual alternatives for sounds</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows can replace two types of audio information with visual equivalents. You can replace system sounds with visual alerts and you can display text captions for spoken dialog in multimedia programs.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Make it easier to focus on reading and typing tasks</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>There are a number of settings that can help make it easier to focus on reading and typing. You can have Narrator read information on the screen, adjust how the keyboard responds to certain keystrokes, and control whether certain visual elements are displayed. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Networking Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server® 2008 R2 offers a wide variety of technologies to meet the complex needs of today’s connected environments. The networking technologies in Windows Server 2008 R2 are designed to support all types of businesses, from small inter-office network configurations to the largest enterprise solutions. </maml:para><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 includes a number of new technologies that are briefly described in this topic:</maml:para> <maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>DirectAccess - Access an enterprise network without using a virtual private network (VPN) connection.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>VPN Reconnect - Reestablish a VPN connection as soon as Internet connectivity is restored.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>BranchCache™ - Cache content on computers at a local branch office, increasing application response time and reducing wide area network (WAN) traffic.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>For more information about these new Windows Server 2008 R2 networking technologies, see (What's New in Networking in Windows Server 2008 R2) <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=142401</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=142401"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>This topic contains the following overviews:</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>TCP/IP</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_tcpip"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Routing</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_routing"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Remote access</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_remote"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Network monitoring</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_monitoring"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Network access and security</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_security"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section address="bkmk_tcpip">
<maml:title>TCP/IP overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>TCP/IP is an industry-standard suite of protocols designed to enable enterprise-wide network and Internet communications. There are two versions of TCP/IP that are supported by Windows Server 2008 R2:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>TCP/IP with Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_ipv4"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>TCP/IP with Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_ipv6"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="bkmk_ipv4">
<maml:title>IPv4</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>IPv4 is a suite of protocols and standards based on the original IP specification described in RFC 791 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and is in widespread use today on the Internet and on private networks. IPv4 has a relatively small address space that is quickly being depleted as Internet use expands. The need for more IP addresses and support for newer networking technologies are motivating factors in the adoption of IPv6.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_ipv6">
<maml:title>IPv6</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>IPv6 is a suite of protocols and standards that supports a much larger address space than IPv4. IPv6 has 128-bit (16-byte) source and destination IP addresses. In contrast, IPv4 has 32-bit (4 bytes) source and destination IP addresses. IPv6 has many other security and efficiency improvements.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about TCP/IP, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94379</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94379"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="bkmk_routing">
<maml:title>Routing overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Routing technologies manage the flow of data between network segments, also known as <maml:newTerm>subnets</maml:newTerm>. These routing technologies include:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Unicast routing</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_unicast"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Multicast routing</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_multicast"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="bkmk_unicast">
<maml:title>Unicast routing</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Unicast routing is the forwarding of traffic destined to a single location on a network from a source host to a destination host by using routers. Today, the majority of network traffic worldwide is over Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) networks, and most user-initiated traffic across IPv4 networks is unicast traffic. Unicast IP routing occurs on all IP networks connected by routers.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_multicast">
<maml:title>Multicast routing</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para><maml:newTerm>Multicasting</maml:newTerm> is the sending of network traffic to a group of destination hosts. Only those members in the group of hosts that are listening for the multicast traffic (the multicast group) process the multicast traffic. All other hosts ignore the multicast traffic.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The concept of group membership is central to IP multicasting. IP multicast datagrams are sent to a group, and only members of the group receive the datagrams. A group is identified by a single IP multicast address, which is an IP address in the Class D range of 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (designated as 224.0.0.0/4 in classless interdomain routing (CIDR) notation). These Class D addresses are known as <maml:newTerm>group addresses</maml:newTerm>. A source host sends multicast datagrams to a group address. Destination hosts inform a local router that they need to join the group.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about routing, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94380</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94380"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="bkmk_remote">
<maml:title>Remote access overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This section contains information about Windows Server 2008 R2 support for remote access solutions including:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>DirectAccess</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_da"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Virtual private network (VPN)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_vpn"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dial-up remote access</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_dun"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Telnet</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_telnet"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section><maml:title>DirectAccess</maml:title>
<maml:introduction><maml:para>With the DirectAccess feature introduced in Windows Server 2008 R2, domain member computers running Windows 7 can connect to enterprise network resources whenever they connect to the Internet. During access to network resources, a user connected to the Internet has virtually the same experience as if connected directly to an enterprise local area network (LAN). Furthermore, DirectAccess enables IT professionals to manage mobile computers outside of the office. Each time a domain member computer connects to the Internet, before the user logs on, DirectAccess establishes a bi-directional connection that enables the client computer to stay up to date with company policies and receive software updates.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Security and performance features of DirectAccess include authentication, encryption, and access control. IT professionals can configure the network resources to which each user can connect, granting unlimited access or allowing access only to specific servers or networks. DirectAccess also offers a feature that sends only the traffic destined for the enterprise network by using the DirectAccess server. Other Internet traffic is routed by using the Internet gateway that the client computer uses. This feature is optional, and DirectAccess can be configured to send all traffic through the enterprise network.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_vpn">
<maml:title>VPN</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Virtual private networks (VPNs) are point-to-point connections across a shared or public network, such as the Internet. A VPN client uses special TCP/IP-based protocols, called <maml:newTerm>tunneling protocols</maml:newTerm>, to make a virtual call to a virtual port on a VPN server. In a typical VPN deployment, a client initiates a virtual point-to-point connection to a remote access server over the Internet. The remote access server answers the call, authenticates the caller, and transfers data between the VPN client and the private network.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To emulate a point-to-point link, data is encapsulated, or wrapped, with a header. The header provides routing information that enables the data to traverse the shared or public network to reach its endpoint. To emulate a private link, the data being sent is encrypted for confidentiality. Packets that are intercepted on the shared or public network are indecipherable without the encryption keys. The link in which the private data is encapsulated and encrypted is known as a <maml:newTerm>VPN connection</maml:newTerm>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>VPN Reconnect is a new feature of the Routing and Remote Access service (RRAS) that provides users with seamless and consistent VPN connectivity, automatically reestablishing a VPN when users temporarily lose their Internet connections.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about VPN, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94383</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94383"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_ras">
<maml:title>Dial-up remote access</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Dial-up remote access enables remote access clients to connect to a network. Remote access clients use the available telecommunications infrastructure to create a temporary physical or virtual circuit to a port on a remote access server that is connected to a network. After the connection between the remote access client and the remote access server is established, the remote access server forwards packets between the remote access client and the network.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about dial-up remote access, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94384</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94384"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_dun">
<maml:title>Telnet</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Telnet is a protocol that enables remote connections from a remote access client to a host. A local command prompt on a remote access client can be used to run command-line programs, shell commands, and scripts in a remote command console session.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Telnet, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94387</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94387"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="bkmk_monitoring">
<maml:title>Network monitoring overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This section contains information about network monitoring services that are supported by Windows Server 2008 R2. These services include:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_snmp"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Policy-Based QoS (Quality of Service)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_qos"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="bkmk_snmp">
<maml:title>Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a network management protocol and infrastructure widely used in TCP/IP networks to remotely monitor, configure, and troubleshoot network resources.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about SNMP, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94388</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94388"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_qos">
<maml:title>Policy-based Quality of Service (QoS)</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of service requirements that a network must meet to ensure an adequate service level for data transmission. QoS allows real-time programs to make the most efficient use of network bandwidth. </maml:para><maml:para>QoS marks IP packets with a Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) number that routers then examine to determine the priority of the packet. If packets are queued at the router, higher priority packets are sent before lower priority packets. With URL-based QoS, IT professionals can prioritize network traffic based on the source URL, in addition to prioritization based on IP address and ports.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Policy-based QoS in Windows Server 2008 R2 allows you to define the priority of traffic, negotiate finer service levels with bandwidth providers, and control bandwidth costs. QoS policies are applied to a user login session or a computer as part of a Group Policy object (GPO) that is linked to an Active Directory container such as a domain, site, or organizational unit (OU).</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about QoS, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94391</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94391"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="bkmk_security">
<maml:title>Network access and security overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Network access provides support for secure network access solutions including:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>BranchCache</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_bc"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>802.1X authenticated wired and wireless connections</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_wireless"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Connection Manager</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_cmak"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Firewall with Advanced Security</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91#bkmk_wfas"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title>BranchCache</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>With BranchCache, content from Web and file servers on an enterprise WAN is stored on the local branch office network to improve response time and reduce WAN traffic. When another client at the same branch requests the same content, the client can access it directly from the local network without obtaining the entire file across the WAN. BranchCache can be set up to operate in either a <maml:newTerm>distributed cache</maml:newTerm> mode or a <maml:newTerm>hosted cache</maml:newTerm> mode. Distributed cache mode uses a peer-to-peer architecture. Content is cached at the branch office on the client computer that first requests it. The client computer subsequently makes the cached content available to other local clients. Hosted cache mode uses a client/server architecture. Content requested by a client at the branch office is subsequently cached to a local server (called the <maml:newTerm>Hosted Cache server</maml:newTerm>), where it is made available to other local clients. In either mode, before a client retrieves content, the server where the content originates authorizes access to the content, and content is verified to be current and accurate by using a hash mechanism.</maml:para><maml:para>For more information about BranchCache, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=142403</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=142403"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_wireless">
<maml:title>802.1X-authenticated wired and wireless connections</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1X standard, RFC 3580 (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93318</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93318"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>), defines authenticated access for wired Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and wireless (IEEE 802.11) connections. For wireless, the IEEE 802.11 set of standards allows the extension of a wired LAN to include wireless and mobile clients. 802.1X authentication for 802.3 wired Ethernet and 802.11 wireless connections prevents unauthenticated and unauthorized users and computers from connecting to your network. 802.1X-authenticated access relies on 802.1X-compatible Ethernet switches and 802.1X-compatible wireless access points (APs) to provide port-based network access control. For secure wireless connections, 802.11-based wireless networks use the IEEE 802.1X standard for authentication, and either Wi-Fi Protected Access version 2 (WPA2) or WPA for encryption.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 provides the features that work with 802.1X-compatible Ethernet switches and wireless APs to fully support deployment and management of 802.1X-authenticated network infrastructures. You can use features in Windows Server 2008 R2 with 802.1X-compatible switches to provide and manage 802.1X-authenticated wired Ethernet access for computers running Windows® 7, Windows Vista®, or Windows Server 2008 R2. You can use features in Windows Server 2008 R2 combined with 802.1X-compatible wireless APs to provide and manage 802.1X-authenticated IEEE 802.11 wireless access for computers running Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista, Windows® XP, or Windows Server 2003.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about 802.1X-authenticated wired and wireless connections, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94392</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94392"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_cmak">
<maml:title>Connection Manager</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Provides administrators with the ability to create connections that have a consistent user interface across all Windows operating systems, use specific authentication protocols, check for required programs, verify registry settings, update files and phone books, or perform any combination of these tasks. By using the Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK) available in Windows 7, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 R2, you can provide numerous benefits that cannot be included when manually creating connections.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Connection Manager, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=55986</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=55986"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="bkmk_wfas">
<maml:title>Windows Firewall with Advanced Security</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is a combination of a host firewall and Internet Protocol security (IPsec). Unlike a perimeter firewall, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security runs on each computer running Windows 7, Windows Vista, or Windows Server 2008 R2 and provides local protection from network attacks that might pass through your perimeter network or originate inside your organization. It also provides computer-to-computer connection security that allows you to require authentication and data protection for all communications.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, see the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Content Roadmap at <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=64342</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=64342"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional References</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For updated detailed IT pro information about networking, see the Windows Server 2008 R2 documentation on the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Microsoft TechNet</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=28944"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> Web site.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Device Management and Installation Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Device Management and Installation (DMI) is a group of technologies that support the installation of hardware devices and the device driver software that enables them to communicate with Windows. Features in DMI give administrators the ability to control the devices that can be installed on the computers they manage. </maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about DMI, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93782</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93782"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>How to Get the WDK and the WLK (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=107272</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=107272"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
<maml:para>This Web site provides instructions for enrolling in the Windows Driver Kit (WDK) and Windows Logo Kit (WLK) programs and downloading the kits.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Preloading Driver Packages (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=71536</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=71536"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
<maml:para>This topic includes information about a registry setting called <maml:computerOutputInline>DevicePath</maml:computerOutputInline> that you can use to set the search path for device drivers.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Device Identification Strings (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=52665</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=52665"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
<maml:para>This topic describes how Setup locates and selects a driver for a Plug and Play (PnP) device.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Hardware Developer Central (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=3788</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=3788"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
<maml:para>This Web site provides resources for system designers, driver developers, and test engineers.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Network Policy and Access Services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Network Policy and Access Services provides the following network connectivity solutions:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Network Access Protection (NAP). NAP is a client health policy creation, enforcement, and remediation technology that is included in the Windows Vista® client operating system and in the Windows Server® 2008 operating system. With NAP, system administrators can establish and automatically enforce health policies, which can include software requirements, security update requirements, required computer configurations, and other settings. Client computers that are not in compliance with health policy can be provided restricted network access until their configuration is updated and brought into compliance with policy. Depending on how you choose to deploy NAP, noncompliant clients can be automatically updated so that users can quickly regain full network access without manually updating or reconfiguring their computers.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Secure wireless and wired access. When you deploy 802.1X wireless access points, secure wireless access provides wireless users with a secure password-based authentication method that is easy to deploy. When you deploy 802.1X authenticating switches, wired access allows you to secure your network by ensuring that intranet users are authenticated before they can connect to the network or obtain an IP address using DHCP.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Remote access solutions. With remote access solutions, you can provide users with virtual private network (VPN) and traditional dial-up access to your organization's network. You can also connect branch offices to your network with VPN solutions, deploy full-featured software routers on your network, and share Internet connections across the intranet.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Central network policy management with RADIUS server and proxy. Rather than configuring network access policy at each network access server, such as wireless access points, 802.1X authenticating switches, VPN servers, and dial-up servers, you can create policies in a single location that specify all aspects of network connection requests, including who is allowed to connect, when they can connect, and the level of security they must use to connect to your network.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Role services for Network Policy and Access Services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>When you install Network Policy and Access Services, the following role services are available:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Network Policy Server (NPS)</maml:phrase>. NPS is the Microsoft implementation of a RADIUS server and proxy. You can use NPS to centrally manage network access through a variety of network access servers, including wireless access points, VPN servers, dial-up servers, and 802.1X authenticating switches. In addition, you can use NPS to deploy secure password authentication with Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP)-MS-CHAP v2 for wireless connections. NPS also contains key components for deploying NAP on your network.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following technologies can be deployed after the installation of the NPS role service:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>NAP health policy server</maml:phrase>. When you configure NPS as a NAP health policy server, NPS evaluates statements of health (SoH) sent by NAP-capable client computers that want to communicate on the network. You can configure NAP policies on NPS that allow client computers to update their configuration to become compliant with your organization's network policy.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>IEEE 802.11 Wireless</maml:phrase>. Using the NPS MMC snap-in, you can configure 802.1X-based connection request policies for IEEE 802.11 wireless client network access. You can also configure wireless access points as Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) clients in NPS, and use NPS as a RADIUS server to process connection requests, as well as perform authentication, authorization, and accounting for 802.11 wireless connections. You can fully integrate IEEE 802.11 wireless access with NAP when you deploy a wireless 802.1X authentication infrastructure so that the health status of wireless clients is verified against health policy before clients are allowed to connect to the network.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>IEEE 802.3 Wired</maml:phrase>. Using the NPS MMC snap-in, you can configure 802.1X-based connection request policies for IEEE 802.3 wired client Ethernet network access. You can also configure 802.1X-compliant switches as RADIUS clients in NPS, and use NPS as a RADIUS server to process connection requests, as well as perform authentication, authorization, and accounting for 802.3 Ethernet connections. You can fully integrate IEEE 802.3 wired client access with NAP when you deploy a wired 802.1X authentication infrastructure.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>RADIUS server</maml:phrase>. NPS performs centralized connection authentication, authorization, and accounting for wireless, authenticating switch, and remote access dial-up and VPN connections. When you use NPS as a RADIUS server, you configure network access servers, such as wireless access points and VPN servers, as RADIUS clients in NPS. You also configure network policies that NPS uses to authorize connection requests, and you can configure RADIUS accounting so that NPS logs accounting information to log files on the local hard disk or in a Microsoft® SQL Server™ database.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>RADIUS proxy</maml:phrase>. When you use NPS as a RADIUS proxy, you configure connection request policies that tell the NPS server which connection requests to forward to other RADIUS servers and to which RADIUS servers you want to forward connection requests. You can also configure NPS to forward accounting data to be logged by one or more computers in a remote RADIUS server group.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Routing and Remote Access</maml:phrase>. With Routing and Remote Access, you can deploy VPN and dial-up remote access services and multiprotocol LAN-to-LAN, LAN-to-WAN, VPN, and network address translation (NAT) routing services. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The following technologies can be deployed during the installation of the Routing and Remote Access role service:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Remote Access Service</maml:phrase>. Using Routing and Remote Access, you can deploy Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP), or Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) with Internet Protocol security (IPsec) VPN connections to provide end users with remote access to your organization's network. You can also create a site-to-site VPN connection between two servers at different locations. Each server is configured with Routing and Remote Access to send private data securely. The connection between the two servers can be persistent (always on) or on-demand (demand-dial). </maml:para>
<maml:para>Remote Access also provides traditional dial-up remote access to support mobile users or home users who are dialing in to an organization's intranets. Dial-up equipment that is installed on the server running Routing and Remote Access answers incoming connection requests from dial-up networking clients. The remote access server answers the call, authenticates and authorizes the caller, and transfers data between the dial-up networking client and the organization intranet.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Routing</maml:phrase>. Routing provides a full-featured software router and an open platform for routing and internetworking. It offers routing services to businesses in local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) environments. </maml:para>
<maml:para>When you deploy NAT, the server running Routing and Remote Access is configured to share an Internet connection with computers on the private network and to translate traffic between its public address and the private network. By using NAT, the computers on the private network gain some measure of protection because the router with NAT configured does not forward traffic from the Internet to the private network unless a private network client had requested it or unless the traffic is explicitly allowed.</maml:para>
<maml:para>When you deploy VPN and NAT, the server running Routing and Remote Access is configured to provide NAT for the private network and to accept VPN connections. Computers on the Internet will not be able to determine the IP addresses of computers on the private network. However, VPN clients will be able to connect to computers on the private network as if they were physically attached to the same network.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Health Registration Authority (HRA)</maml:phrase>. HRA is a NAP component that issues health certificates to clients that pass the health policy verification that is performed by NPS using the client SoH. HRA is used only with the NAP IPsec enforcement method.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Host Credential Authorization Protocol (HCAP)</maml:phrase>. HCAP allows you to integrate your Microsoft NAP solution with Cisco Network Access Control Server. When you deploy HCAP with NPS and NAP, NPS can perform client health evaluation and the authorization of Cisco 802.1X access clients.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing the Network Policy and Access Services server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The following tools are provided to manage the Network Policy and Access Services server role:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>NPS MMC snap-in</maml:phrase>. Use the NPS MMC to configure a RADIUS server, RADIUS proxy, or NAP technology.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for NPS</maml:phrase>. The Netsh commands for NPS provide a command set that is fully equivalent to all configuration settings that are available through the NPS MMC snap-in. Netsh commands can be run manually at the Netsh prompt or in administrator scripts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>HRA MMC snap-in</maml:phrase>. Use the HRA MMC to designate the certification authority (CA) that HRA uses to obtain health certificates for client computers and to define the NPS server to which HRA sends client SoHs for verification against health policy.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for HRA</maml:phrase>. The Netsh commands for HRA provide a command set that is fully equivalent to all configuration settings that are available through the HRA MMC snap-in. Netsh commands can be run manually at the Netsh prompt or in administrator-authored scripts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>NAP Client Management MMC snap-in</maml:phrase>. You can use the NAP Client Management snap-in to configure security settings and user interface settings on client computers that support the NAP architecture.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for configuring NAP client settings</maml:phrase>. The Netsh commands for NAP client settings provide a command set that is fully equivalent to all configuration settings that are available through the NAP Client Management snap-in. Netsh commands can be run manually at the Netsh prompt or in administrator-authored scripts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Routing and Remote Access MMC snap-in</maml:phrase>. Use this MMC snap-in to configure a VPN server, a dial-up networking server, a router, NAT, VPN and NAT, or a VPN site-to-site connection.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for remote access</maml:phrase>. The Netsh commands for remote access provide a command set that is fully equivalent to all remote access configuration settings that are available through the Routing and Remote Access MMC snap-in. Netsh commands can be run manually at the Netsh prompt or in administrator scripts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for routing</maml:phrase>. The Netsh commands for routing provide a command set that is fully equivalent to all routing configuration settings that are available through the Routing and Remote Access MMC snap-in. Netsh commands can be run manually at the Netsh prompt or in administrator scripts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Wireless Network (IEEE 802.11) Policies - Group Policy Management Console (GPMC)</maml:phrase>. The Wireless Network (IEEE 802.11) Policies extension automates the configuration of wireless network settings on computers with wireless network adapter drivers that support the Wireless LAN Autoconfiguration Service (WLAN Autoconfig Service). You can use the Wireless Network (IEEE 802.11) Policies extension in the Group Policy Management Console to specify configuration settings for either or both Windows XP and Windows Vista wireless clients. Wireless Network (IEEE 802.11) Policies Group Policy extensions include global wireless settings, the list of preferred networks, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) settings, and IEEE 802.1X settings.</maml:para>
<maml:para>When configured, the settings are downloaded to Windows wireless clients that are members of the domain. The wireless settings configured by this policy are part of the Computer Configuration Group Policy. By default, Wireless Network (IEEE 802.11) Policies are not configured or enabled.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for wireless local area network (WLAN)</maml:phrase>. Netsh WLAN is an alternative to using Group Policy to configure Windows Vista wireless connectivity and security settings. You can use the Netsh wlan commands to configure the local computer, or to configure multiple computers using a logon script. You can also use the Netsh wlan commands to view wireless Group Policy settings and administer Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) and user wireless settings.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The wireless Netsh interface has the following benefits:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Mixed mode support: Allows administrators to configure clients to support multiple security options. For example, a client can be configured to support both the WPA2 and the WPA authentication standards. This allows the client to use WPA2 to connect to networks that support WPA2 and use WPA to connect to networks that only support WPA.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Block undesirable networks: Administrators can block and hide access to non-corporate wireless networks by adding networks or network types to the list of denied networks. Similarly, administrators can allow access to corporate wireless networks.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Wired Network (IEEE 802.3) Policies - Group Policy Management Console (GPMC)</maml:phrase>. You can use the Wired Network (IEEE 802.3) Policies to specify and modify configuration settings for Windows Vista clients that are equipped with network adapters and drivers that support Wired AutoConfig Service. Wireless Network (IEEE 802.11) Policies Group Policy extensions include global wired and IEEE 802.1X settings. These settings include the entire set of wired configuration items associated with the <maml:ui>General</maml:ui> tab and the <maml:ui>Security</maml:ui> tab.</maml:para>
<maml:para>When configured, the settings are downloaded to Windows wireless clients that are members of the domain. The wireless settings configured by this policy are part of the Computer Configuration Group Policy. By default, Wired Network (IEEE 802.3) Policies are not configured or enabled.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Netsh commands for wired local area network (LAN)</maml:phrase>. The Netsh LAN interface is an alternative to using Group Policy in Windows Server 2008 to configure Windows Vista wired connectivity and security settings. You can use the Netsh LAN command line to configure the local computer, or use the commands in logon scripts to configure multiple computers. You can also use the Netsh lan commands to view Wired Network (IEEE 802.3) Policies and to administer client wired 1x settings.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional Resources</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about Network Policy and Access Services, open one of the following MMC snap-ins, and then press F1 to display the Help:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>NPS MMC snap-in</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Routing and Remote Access MMC snap-in</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>HRA MMC snap-in</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Remote Management and Scripting Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server® 2008 R2 provides technologies for remotely managing resources and scripting solutions.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Remote Server Administration Tools Pack.</maml:phrase> To ease remote server management, Windows Server 2008 R2 includes a Remote Server Administration Tools pack. You can install the Remote Server Administration Tools pack on computers running the Windows Server 2008 R2 operating system, and use the Remote Server Administration Tools pack to manage computers running either Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, or Windows Server 2003. The Remote Server Administration Tools pack enables remote management of Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2003 from a computer that is running Windows Server 2008 R2, by allowing you to open and run management tools and snap-ins to manage roles, role services, or features on a remote computer. As with other management tools included with Windows Server 2008 R2, Remote Server Administration Tools are secure by default. The default Remote Server Administration Tools configuration opens only those ports and enables only those services required for remote management to work. For more information about the Remote Server Administration Tools pack, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 Technical Library</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94317"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94317). </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>The Server Core installation option. </maml:phrase>A Server Core installation of Windows Server 2008 R2 provides a minimal environment for running specific server roles, which reduces the maintenance and management requirements and the attack surface for those roles. A server running a Server Core installation supports the following server roles: Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS), DHCP Server, DNS Server, File Services, and Print and Document Services. To accomplish this, the Server Core installation option installs only the binaries that are required by the supported server roles. For example, the Explorer shell is not installed as part of a Server Core installation. Instead, the default user interface for a server running a Server Core installation is the command prompt. For more information about Server Core, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 Technical Library</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94316"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94316). </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows PowerShell.</maml:phrase> Windows PowerShell is a command shell and scripting language built on the Microsoft .NET Framework. You can use the built-in Windows PowerShell commands, called cmdlets, to manage your computer and the computers in your enterprise. In addition, Windows PowerShell has a rich expression parser and a fully developed scripting language. For more information about Windows PowerShell, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 Technical Library</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94318"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94318). </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Remote Assistance.</maml:phrase> Computer users, particularly users without much technical expertise, often have configuration problems or usage questions that are difficult for a support professional to diagnose and fix over the phone. Remote Assistance (RA) helps address these problems by enabling support personnel to view the user’s desktop in real time. The user seeking assistance can demonstrate the nature of the problem to the support person. RA in Windows Server 2008 R2 includes a number of improvements in connectivity, performance, usability, and security. With increased Group Policy support, command-line scripting capabilities, session logging, and bandwidth optimization, RA enables enterprises to efficiently support users in Help Desk scenarios. For more information about RA, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Remote Assistance: frequently asked questions</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143295"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143295) on the Microsoft Web site.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Server Role Overview Topics</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Active Directory Certificate Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a8f53a9b-f3f6-4b13-8253-dbf183a5aa62"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Active Directory Domain Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9a5cba91-7153-4265-adda-c70df2321982"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Active Directory Federation Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=ff50a7ff-156b-4589-a77c-38dda91571d3"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=723ac9d7-7b1a-49a9-b54e-f51a5d210291"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Active Directory Rights Management Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=74272acc-0f2d-4dc2-876f-15b156a0b4e0"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Application Server Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=90e1bd5e-312c-4164-b5f2-ccdc63dddc06"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>DHCP Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9c5606aa-6500-48fc-b268-f128e81ab662"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>DNS Server Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=05644d1f-6d88-4eb4-81bd-e1af44a80243"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Fax Server Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7adb9ba1-a0ee-40bb-b373-8c73164aaf9c"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>File Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Hyper-V Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=4a13b98d-892b-42e3-87f3-786a9d7eff33"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Network Policy and Access Services</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=13a89585-c717-4a7f-adc3-0fcaa1af505e"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Print and Document Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=cef1a8c6-d08f-4c39-ad3a-9ee3f9d0266e"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Remote Desktop Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=2584b4b6-9185-4914-9f3f-9e60a72a3bda"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Web Server Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e6165721-03f8-4658-af17-8c7dbbf9911e"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Deployment Services Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=44f2a7a8-3186-41a4-af12-ef8202fa3b8c"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows Server Update Services</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Remote Desktop Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is Remote Desktop Services?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Remote Desktop Services, formerly Terminal Services, is a server role in Windows Server® 2008 R2 that provides technologies that enable users to access Windows-based programs that are installed on a Remote Desktop Session Host (RD Session Host) server, or to access the full Windows desktop. With Remote Desktop Services, users can access an RD Session Host server from within a corporate network or from the Internet.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Remote Desktop Services lets you efficiently deploy and maintain software in an enterprise environment. You can easily deploy programs from a central location. Because you install the programs on the RD Session Host server and not on the client computer, programs are easier to upgrade and to maintain.</maml:para>
<maml:para>When a user accesses a program on an RD Session Host server, the program runs on the server. Each user sees only their individual session. The session is managed transparently by the server operating system and is independent of any other client session. Additionally, you can configure Remote Desktop Services to use Hyper-V™ to either assign virtual machines to users or have Remote Desktop Services dynamically assign an available virtual machine to a user upon connection.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Remote Desktop Services, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=138055</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=138055"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Why use Remote Desktop Services?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>If you deploy a program on an RD Session Host server instead of on each device, there are many benefits. These include the following: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Application deployment:</maml:phrase> You can quickly deploy Windows-based programs to computing devices across an enterprise. Remote Desktop Services is especially useful when you have programs that are frequently updated, infrequently used, or difficult to manage.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Application consolidation:</maml:phrase> Programs are installed and run from an RD Session Host server, eliminating the need for updating programs on client computers. This also reduces the amount of network bandwidth that is required to access programs.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Remote access:</maml:phrase> Users can access programs that are running on an RD Session Host server from devices such as home computers, kiosks, low-powered hardware, and operating systems other than Windows.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Branch office access:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Services provides better program performance for branch office workers who need access to centralized data stores. Data-intensive programs sometimes do not have client/server protocols that are optimized for low-speed connections. Programs of this kind frequently perform better over a Remote Desktop Services connection than over a typical wide area network.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Remote Desktop Services role services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Remote Desktop Services is a server role that consists of several role services. In Windows Server 2008 R2, Remote Desktop Services consists of the following role services:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>RD Session Host:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Session Host (RD Session Host), formerly Terminal Server, enables a server to host Windows-based programs or the full Windows desktop. Users can connect to an RD Session Host server to run programs, to save files, and to use network resources on that server.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>RD Web Access:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Web Access (RD Web Access), formerly TS Web Access, enables users to access RemoteApp and Desktop Connection through the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> menu on a computer that is running Windows 7 or through a Web browser. RemoteApp and Desktop Connection provides a customized view of RemoteApp programs and virtual desktops to users.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>RD Licensing:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Licensing (RD Licensing), formerly TS Licensing, manages the Remote Desktop Services client access licenses (RDS CALs) that are required for each device or user to connect to an RD Session Host server. You use RD Licensing to install, issue, and track the availability of RDS CALs on a Remote Desktop license server.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>RD Gateway:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway), formerly TS Gateway, enables authorized remote users to connect to resources on an internal corporate network, from any Internet-connected device. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>RD Connection Broker:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Connection Broker (RD Connection Broker), formerly TS Session Broker, supports session load balancing and session reconnection in a load-balanced RD Session Host server farm. RD Connection Broker is also used to provide users access to RemoteApp programs and virtual desktops through RemoteApp and Desktop Connection. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>RD Virtualization Host:</maml:phrase> Remote Desktop Virtualization Host (RD Virtualization Host) integrates with Hyper-V to host virtual machines and provide them to users as virtual desktops. You can assign a unique virtual desktop to each user in your organization, or provide them shared access to a pool of virtual desktops.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is RD Session Host?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>An RD Session Host server is the server that hosts Windows-based programs or the full Windows desktop for Remote Desktop Services clients. Users can connect to an RD Session Host server to run programs, to save files, and to use network resources on that server. Users can access an RD Session Host server by using the Remote Desktop Connection client or by using RemoteApp programs.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about RD Session Host, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140438</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=" http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140438"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is RD Web Access?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>RD Web Access enables users to access RemoteApp and Desktop Connection through the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> menu on a computer that is running Windows 7 or through a Web browser. RemoteApp and Desktop Connection provides a customized view of RemoteApp programs and virtual desktops to users.</maml:para>
<maml:para>When a user starts a RemoteApp program, a Remote Desktop Services session is started on the RD Session Host server that hosts the RemoteApp program. If a user connects to a virtual desktop, a remote desktop connection is made to a virtual machine that is running on an RD Virtualization Host server.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To configure which RemoteApp programs and virtual desktops will be available through RemoteApp and Desktop Connection, you must install the RD Connection Broker role service on a computer that is running Windows Server 2008 R2, and then use the Remote Desktop Connection Manager tool.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also use RD Web Access if you only want to make RemoteApp programs on an RD Session Host server available to users through a Web browser.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about RD Web Access, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140437</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=" http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140437"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is RD Licensing?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>RD Licensing manages the RDS CALs that are required for each user or device to connect to an RD Session Host server. You use RD Licensing to install, issue, and track the availability of RDS CALs on a Remote Desktop license server.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To use Remote Desktop Services, you must have at least one license server. For small deployments, you can install both the RD Session Host role service and the RD Licensing role service on the same computer. For larger deployments, it is recommended that the RD Licensing role service be installed on a separate computer from the RD Session Host role service.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You must configure RD Licensing correctly for your RD Session Host server to continue to accept connections from clients.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about RD Licensing, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140434</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=" http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140434"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is RD Gateway?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>RD Gateway enables authorized remote users to connect to resources on an internal corporate network, from any Internet-connected device. The network resources can be RD Session Host servers running RemoteApp programs [hosting line-of-business (LOB) applications], virtual desktops, or computers with Remote Desktop enabled. RD Gateway encapsulates RDP over HTTPS to help form a secure, encrypted connection between users on the Internet and the internal network resources on which their productivity applications run.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Why use RD Gateway?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>RD Gateway provides these benefits:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>RD Gateway enables remote users to connect to internal network resources over the Internet by using an encrypted connection, without needing to configure virtual private network (VPN) connections.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>RD Gateway provides a comprehensive security configuration model that enables you to control access to specific internal network resources.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>RD Gateway enables remote users to connect to internal network resources that are hosted behind firewalls in private networks and across network address translators (NATs).</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Remote Desktop Gateway Manager (RD Gateway Manager) enables you to configure authorization policies to define conditions that must be met for remote users to connect to internal network resources.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>RD Gateway Manager provides tools to help you monitor RD Gateway connection status, health, and events.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>You can configure RD Gateway servers and Remote Desktop Services clients to use Network Access Protection (NAP) to enhance security. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>You can use an RD Gateway server with Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server to further enhance security.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list>
<maml:para>For more information about RD Gateway, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140433</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=" http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140433"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is RD Connection Broker?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>RD Connection Broker keeps track of user sessions in a load-balanced RD Session Host server farm. The RD Connection Broker database stores session state information that includes session IDs, their associated user names, and the name of the server where each session resides. When a user with an existing session connects to an RD Session Host server in the load-balanced farm, RD Connection Broker redirects the user to the RD Session Host server where their session exists. This prevents the user from being connected to a different server in the farm and starting a new session.</maml:para>
<maml:para>If the RD Connection Broker Load Balancing feature is enabled, RD Connection Broker also tracks the number of user sessions on each RD Session Host server in the farm, and redirects users who do not have an existing session to the server with the fewest sessions. This functionality enables you to evenly distribute the session load between servers in a load-balanced RD Session Host server farm.</maml:para>
<maml:para>RD Connection Broker is also used to provide users with access to RemoteApp and Desktop Connection. RemoteApp and Desktop Connection provides a customized view of RemoteApp programs and virtual desktops to users. RD Connection Broker supports load balancing and reconnection to existing sessions on virtual desktops accessed by using RemoteApp and Desktop Connection. </maml:para>
<maml:para>To configure RemoteApp and Desktop Connection, use the Remote Desktop Connection Manager tool on the RD Connection Broker server.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about RD Connection Broker, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140432</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=" http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140432"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is RD Virtualization Host?</maml:title>
<maml:introduction>
<maml:para>RD Virtualization Host integrates with Hyper-V to provide virtual machines by using RemoteApp and Desktop Connection. RD Virtualization Host can be configured so that each user in your organization is assigned a unique virtual desktop, or users are redirected to a shared pool where a virtual desktop is dynamically assigned.</maml:para>
<maml:para>RD Virtualization Host requires RD Connection Broker to determine where the user is redirected. If a user is assigned a personal virtual desktop, RD Connection Broker will redirect the user to this virtual machine. If the virtual machine is not turned on, RD Virtualization Host turns the virtual machine on and then connects the user to the personal virtual desktop. If the user is connecting to a shared virtual machine pool, RD Connection Broker will first check to see if the user has a disconnected session in the pool. If the user has a disconnected session, they are reconnected to that virtual desktop. If the user does not have a disconnected session, a virtual desktop in that pool is dynamically assigned to the user.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about RD Virtualization Host, see the Remote Desktop Services page on the Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140435</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=" http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140435"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Accessibility in Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>You can use the Ease of Access Center to configure settings for accessibility. You can also use a variety of keyboard shortcuts. The following topics provide details:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>What's New in Ease of Access (Accessibility)?</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9d4fea8b-d4ec-47f3-8e73-db90e0de51e8"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>What Accessibility Features Does Windows Offer?</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=0a4867c8-d170-4651-b7f6-ca8a1490b5d5"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Keyboard Shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title>Using Narrator</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>To use Narrator (one of the accessibility features), you might need to start the Windows Audio service. You can also set the startup type of the service to <maml:ui>Automatic</maml:ui> so that it always starts when the server is started.</maml:para><maml:procedure><maml:title>To start the Windows Audio service and change the startup type to Automatic</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Services</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:para>In the list of services, double-click <maml:ui>Windows Audio</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:para>For <maml:ui>Startup type</maml:ui>, make sure <maml:ui>Automatic</maml:ui> is selected.</maml:para></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:para>View the service status. If it is not already started, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> and then click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure><maml:para>Note that when you start the Windows Audio service, the operating system automatically starts the Windows Audio Endpoint Builder service. These two services work together to manage audio and audio devices.</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section><maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>For information about using Remote Desktop Connection with a large monitor, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94254</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94254"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Server Manager Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server® 2008 R2 eases managing and securing multiple server roles in an enterprise with the Server Manager console. Server Manager in Windows Server 2008 R2 provides a single source for managing a server's identity and system information, displaying server status, identifying problems with server role configuration, and managing all roles installed on the server.</maml:para>
<maml:para>At the end of this topic, learn how to open the interface for Server Manager and how to find more information about Server Manager.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What are server roles, role services, and features?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This section defines the terms <maml:computerOutputInline>role</maml:computerOutputInline>, <maml:computerOutputInline>role service</maml:computerOutputInline>, and <maml:computerOutputInline>feature</maml:computerOutputInline> as they apply to Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Roles</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A server role is a set of software programs that, when installed and configured correctly, allows a computer to perform a specific function for multiple users or other computers within a network. Generally speaking, roles share the following characteristics:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>They describe the primary function, purpose, or use of a computer. A specific computer can be dedicated to perform a single role that is heavily used in the enterprise, or may perform multiple roles if each role is only lightly used in the enterprise.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>They provide users throughout an organization access to resources managed by other computers, such as Web sites, printers, or files stored on different computers. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>They typically include their own databases, which can queue user or computer requests, or record information about network users and computers that relates to the role. For example, Active Directory Domain Services includes a database for storing the names and hierarchical relationships of all computers in a network.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>As soon as they are installed and configured correctly, roles are designed to function automatically, allowing the computers on which they are installed to perform prescribed tasks with limited user intervention.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Role services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Role services are software programs that provide the functionality of a role. When you install a role, you can choose which role services the role will provide for other users and computers in your enterprise. Some roles, such as DNS Server, have only a single function, and therefore do not have available role services. Other roles, such as Remote Desktop Services, have several role services that can be installed, depending on the remote computing needs of your enterprise.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can consider a role as a grouping of closely related, complementary role services, for which, most of the time, installing the role means installing one or more of its role services.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Features</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Features are software programs that, although they are not directly parts of roles, can support or augment the functionality of one or more roles, or improve the functionality of the whole server, regardless of which roles are installed. For example, the Failover Clustering feature augments the functionality of other roles, such as File Services and DHCP Server, by enabling them to join server clusters for increased redundancy and improved performance. Another feature, Telnet Client, lets you communicate remotely with a telnet server over a network connection, functionality which enhances the communication options of the whole server.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is Server Manager?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server Manager is an expanded Microsoft Management Console (MMC) that lets you view and manage most of the information and tools that affect your server's productivity.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Server Manager makes server administration more efficient by allowing administrators to do the following by using a single tool:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>View and make changes to server roles and features installed on the server.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Perform management tasks associated with the operational life cycle of a server, on either the local server or another server that is running Windows Server 2008 R2, such as starting or stopping services, and managing local user accounts.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Perform management tasks associated with the operational life cycle of roles installed on either the local server or another server that is running Windows Server 2008 R2. This includes scanning certain roles for compliance with best practices.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Determine server status, identify critical events, and analyze and troubleshoot configuration issues or failures.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is included with Server Manager?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server Manager includes the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Initial Configuration Tasks. After you have completed the installation of Windows Server 2008 R2, and before you deploy the new server in your enterprise, some configuration is required to identify the computer to other computing resources on the network, secure the computer, activate Windows, and customize the computer by adding server roles and features.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can complete these tasks by using commands in the Initial Configuration Tasks window that opens immediately after the operating system installation is complete.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Easy-to-use wizards that install or remove roles, role services, and features on the server. Administrators no longer have to use Add or Remove Windows Components to install or configure server roles, or worry about missing an important software program during installation or removal of roles or features. Multiple roles, role services, or features can be installed or removed in a single session by using a Server Manager wizard. Simple and informative wizards have eliminated the guesswork.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following wizards are available in Server Manager:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add Roles Wizard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Remove Roles Wizard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add Role Services Wizard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Remove Role Services Wizard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add Features Wizard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Remove Features Wizard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Best Practices Analyzer. Best Practices Analyzer (BPA) can help administrators reduce best practice violations by scanning one or more roles that are installed on Windows Server 2008 R2, and reporting best practice violations to the administrator. Administrators can filter or exclude results from BPA reports that they do not have to see. Administrators can also perform BPA tasks by using either the Server Manager GUI, or Windows PowerShell cmdlets. For more information about Best Practices Analyzer, see the Server Manager Help.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Server Manager. You can use the following three Windows PowerShell cmdlets to install or remove roles, role services, and features, or view which roles, role services, and features are installed on a computer. For more information about Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Server Manager command line, see the Server Manager Help.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:computerOutputInline>Add-WindowsFeature</maml:computerOutputInline></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:computerOutputInline>Get-WindowsFeature</maml:computerOutputInline></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:computerOutputInline>Remove-WindowsFeature</maml:computerOutputInline></maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Unattended role, role service, or feature installation by using the Server Manager command line. You can install or remove roles, role services, and features either by using a single command instance, or by using an XML answer file. For more information about the Server Manager command line, see the Server Manager Help.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Home pages for each installed server role. Even if multiple server roles are installed on a server, administrators can perform management tasks for them all by using Server Manager.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Expandable <maml:ui>Features</maml:ui> section in the Server Manager main window displays installed features and provides commands that you can use to install and remove features. A <maml:ui>Features</maml:ui> home page in Server Manager shows a list of what features are installed and provides commands for installing or removing features.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Expandable Server Summary section in the Server Manager main window. Information about the local computer, its identity, operating system, network connections and event logs is available in one convenient location. From the Server Manager main window, you can also activate the Windows operating system, or allow the computer to be managed remotely from an Server Manager console on another computer that is running Windows Server 2008 R2. The Security Information area shows whether Windows Firewall or Windows Updates are enabled on the server, and displays the most recent time that the server has checked for updates.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Expandable Resources and Support section in the Server Manager main window. The Resources and Support section provides guidance for managing the role and configuring the role to perform common and recommended tasks in your enterprise, and lists recommended configurations for the role. Selecting a configuration displays a description of each, including a link to a checklist topic that guides you through the tasks that must be performed to complete the configuration.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing Server Manager</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server Manager is installed as part of Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Opening Server Manager</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server Manager is available when a member of the Administrators group on the local computer logs on. By default, Server Manager opens when the <maml:ui>Initial Configuration Tasks</maml:ui> window is closed. You can also open Server Manager by typing <maml:userInput>servermanager</maml:userInput> into either a Windows PowerShell or a Command Prompt session.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Shortcuts for opening Server Manager are also found in the following locations:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> menu</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Administrative Tools</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>, <maml:ui>Programs and Features</maml:ui>, <maml:ui>Turn Windows features on or off</maml:ui></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For More Information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about Server Manager, you can view the Help on the server. To do this, open the Server Manager console as described in the previous section and press F1. You can also search for and then double-click Rmt.chm, the Help file for Server Manager. Rmt.chm is typically stored in %<maml:replaceable>windir</maml:replaceable>%\Help\mui\0409.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For information about operating Server Manager, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Windows Deployment Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>This topic contains information about Windows Deployment Services, including information about new features and how to install and manage the role. For more information, see the Windows Deployment Services documentation in the Windows Server 2008 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=134776</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=134776"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). You can also download the documentation for Windows Deployment Services at <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89381</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89381"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title>What is Windows Deployment Services?</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>Windows Deployment Services is a server role that was included with Windows Server 2008 and now includes various updates for Windows Server 2008 R2. You can use it to set up new computers by using a network-based installation. This means that you do not have to install each operating system directly from a CD or DVD. To use Windows Deployment Services, you should have a working knowledge of common desktop deployment technologies and networking components, including Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), and Active Directory Domain Services. </maml:para><maml:para>You can use the Windows Deployment Services Step-by-Step Guide (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=84628</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=84628"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>), which will lead you through installing this role, adding images, configuring the server, and then installing an image. It also includes instructions for how to perform more advanced tasks such as multicasting your images, deploying driver packages as part of an installation, creating your own images, and configuring an unattended installation. </maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section><maml:title>Features in Windows Deployment Services</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>Windows Deployment Services enables you to:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para>Perform network-based installations of Windows operating systems, including Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. You can deploy images to computers with or without operating systems. </maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Create images of a reference computer using the Image Capture Wizard, which is an alternative to the ImageX tool. </maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Transmit images using multicasting so you can deploy an image to a large number of client computers without overburdening the network. For more information, see How to Create Multicast Transmissions (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89225</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89225"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Configure driver packages to be deployed to client computers along with the install image. For more information, see Managing Driver Packages (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143313</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143313"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Add driver packages to your Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 boot images (such as network adapter drivers, mass storage drivers, and bus drivers). For more information, see Managing Driver Packages (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143313</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143313"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>For a complete list of the features in each version of this technology, see Windows Deployment Services: What's New (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=140114</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=140114"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section><maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>The following are requirements for installing this role, depending on whether you choose the default installation (Deployment Server), or only Transport Server. </maml:para><maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Deployment Server </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Transport Server</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:tableHeader><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>AD DS</maml:phrase>. A Windows Deployment Services server must be either a member of an AD DS domain or a domain controller for an AD DS domain. The AD DS domain and forest versions are irrelevant—all domain and forest configurations support Windows Deployment Services.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>DHCP</maml:phrase>. You must have a working DHCP server with an active scope on the network because Windows Deployment Services uses Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE), which relies on DHCP for IP addressing.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>DNS</maml:phrase>. You must have a working DNS server on the network before you can run Windows Deployment Services.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>NTFS volume</maml:phrase>. The server running Windows Deployment Services requires an NTFS file system volume for the image store.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Credentials</maml:phrase>. To install the role, you must be a member of the Local Administrators group on the server. To initialize the server, you must be a member of the Domain Users group. For more information about this, see Required Permissions (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=115301</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=115301"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>The only prerequisite is that you must be a member of the Local Administrators group on the server to install Transport Server.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:table></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section><maml:title>Installing Windows Deployment Services</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>You can install Windows Deployment Services using the Initial Configuration Wizard or Server Manager. </maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para>To start the installation by using the Initial Configuration Wizard, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui> on the Initial Configuration Tasks startup screen. Click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>, and then select <maml:ui>Windows Deployment Services</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>To start the installation by using Server Manager, in the <maml:ui>Roles Summary</maml:ui> pane, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui>. Click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>, and then select <maml:ui>Windows Deployment Services</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>During the installation, you have two role services that you can choose from:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Transport Server</maml:phrase>. To install this option, clear the Deployment Server check box on the second screen of the installation wizard. This option provides a subset of the functionality of Windows Deployment Services. It contains only the core networking parts. You can use Transport Server to create multicast namespaces that transmit data (including operating system images) from a stand-alone server. You should use this option if you want to transmit data by using multicasting but you do not want to incorporate all of Windows Deployment Services. </maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Deployment Server</maml:phrase>. To install this option, ensure that both Deployment Server and Transport Server are selected on the second screen of the installation wizard. This option provides the full functionality of Windows Deployment Services, which you can use to configure and remotely install Windows operating systems. Note that Deployment Server is dependent on the core parts of Transport Server.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section><maml:title>Managing Windows Deployment Services</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>There are two tools that you can use to manage your server. For procedures for common tasks, see How to Perform Common Tasks (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143204</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143204"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows Deployment Services snap-in</maml:phrase>. A Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that provides an easy way to manage images, computers, and common server settings. You can perform almost all tasks from the MMC snap-in except you cannot prestage client computers. Note that the snap-in is not available when you install only the Transport Server role service.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>WDSUTIL command-line tool</maml:phrase>. A tool that enables you to manage the full functionality of the server. WDSUTIL also enables you to script common tasks—simple batch files can run the required commands because the commands do not require an interactive user session. Help for WDSUTIL is available by typing <maml:computerOutputInline>WDSUTIL /?</maml:computerOutputInline> or at <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143438</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=143438"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:introduction><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction><maml:para>To learn more about Windows Deployment Services, see the following resources:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para>Help on your server. To find Help, install the role, open the Windows Deployment Services MMC snap-in, and press <maml:computerOutputInline>F1</maml:computerOutputInline>. </maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows Deployment Services documentation in the Windows Server 2008 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81873</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81873"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>All of the documentation for Windows Server 2008 applies to Windows Server 2008 R2 unless otherwise noted.</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Roadmap to Help and Information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Windows Server® 2008 R2 operating systems available for this release are: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-Based Systems</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Web Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Your computer</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Learn about Windows Server 2008 R2 server roles and features from the Help content installed on your computer. For a list of the available server roles, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Server Role Overview Topics</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=1d85bd75-1b78-4837-b6cc-9c92591c9b10"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Windows Online Help and Support</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>When you need to get help and your computer is connected to the Internet, your searches can include online content. For more information about how to enable this feature, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Online Help and Support</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=aa8221e2-f52e-4efd-a613-a2a0b025186d"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Windows Server TechCenter Web site</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Windows Server TechCenter brings together content and resources related to the Windows Server 2008 operating system as well as previous versions of Windows Server. This TechCenter connects you to things such as Knowledge Base articles, downloads, webcasts, and virtual labs specific to Windows Server. The Windows Server TechCenter can be found at (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82141</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82141"><maml:summary>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82141</maml:summary></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Windows Server 2008 Technical Library Web site</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Windows Server Technical Library delves into the technical specifics of Windows Server. The Technical Library is split into different content areas to make information more accessible. To visit the Windows Server Technical Library, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82140</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82140"><maml:summary>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82140</maml:summary></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Hyper-V Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Hyper-V enables you to create a virtualized server computing environment using a technology that is part of Windows Server 2008. You can use a virtualized computing environment to improve the efficiency of your computing resources by utilizing more of your hardware resources. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What does Hyper-V do?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Hyper-V provides software infrastructure and basic management tools in Windows Server 2008 that you can use to create and manage a virtualized server computing environment. This virtualized environment can be used to address a variety of business goals aimed at improving efficiency and reducing costs. For example, a virtualized server environment can help you:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Reduce the costs of operating and maintaining physical servers by increasing your hardware utilization. You can reduce the amount of hardware needed to run your server workloads.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Increase development and test efficiency by reducing the amount of time it takes to set up hardware and software and reproduce test environments.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Improve server availability without using as many physical computers as you would need in a failover configuration that uses only physical computers.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Who will be interested in this role?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Hyper-V can be useful to you if you are one of the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>An IT administrator, planner, or designer.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>An IT architect responsible for computer management and security throughout your organization.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>An IT operations manager who is looking for ways to reduce the total cost of ownership of their server infrastructure, in terms of both power costs and management costs.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A software developer or tester who is looking for ways to increase productivity by reducing the time it takes to build and configure a server for development or test use.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Are there any special considerations?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Hyper-V requires specific hardware. You can identify systems that support the x64 architecture and Hyper-V by searching the Windows Server catalog for Hyper-V as an additional qualification. The Windows Server catalog is available at the Microsoft Web site (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=111228</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=111228"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). To install and use the Hyper-V role, you need the following: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>An x64-based processor. Hyper-V will be available only in the x64-based versions of Windows Server 2008—specifically, the x64-based versions of Windows Server 2008 Standard, Windows Server 2008 Enterprise, and Windows Server 2008 Datacenter. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Hardware-assisted virtualization. This is available in processors that include a virtualization option—specifically, Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT) or AMD Virtualization (AMD-V).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Hardware-enforced Data Execution Prevention (DEP) must be available and be enabled. Specifically, you must enable Intel XD bit (execute disable bit) or AMD NX bit (no execute bit). </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>The settings for hardware-assisted virtualization and hardware-enforced DEP are available in the BIOS. However, the names of the settings may differ from the names identified above. For more information about whether a specific processor model supports Hyper-V, check with the manufacturer of the computer.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>If you modify the settings for hardware-assisted virtualization or hardware-enforced DEP, you may need to turn off the power to the computer and then turn it back on. Restarting the computer may not apply the changes to the settings.</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>What are the key features of Hyper-V?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The key features of Hyper-V are as follows:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>64-bit native hypervisor-based virtualization.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Ability to run 32-bit and 64-bit virtual machines concurrently.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Uniprocessor and multiprocessor virtual machines. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Virtual machine snapshots, which capture the state, data, and hardware configuration of a running virtual machine. Because snapshots record system state, you can revert the virtual machine to a previous state.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Large virtual machine memory support.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Virtual LAN support.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft Management Console (MMC) 3.0 management tool.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Documented Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) interfaces for scripting and management.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Live migration. This is a new Hyper-V feature in Windows Server 2008 R2 that makes it possible to move a highly available virtual machine from one node to another node while it is running, without downtime. For more information about live migration, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=139667</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=139667"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> and <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=139664</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=139664"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para> </maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>For more information about the new features in the Windows Server 2008 R2 Hyper-V technology, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=142885</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=142885"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Hyper-V, see the Windows Server 2008 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=48557</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=48557"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). For more information about the WMI interfaces, see MSDN at the Microsoft Web site (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108564</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108564"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Windows Server 2008 Product Activation</maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Product activation</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For information about activating Windows Server 2008 R2 one copy at a time, search for the topic "Activate Windows on this computer". </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Volume Activation 2.0</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Volume Activation 2.0 is designed to automate and manage the activation process for volume editions of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 while addressing the piracy and product key management problems associated with Volume License Keys (VLKs). Volume Activation 2.0 eliminates the use of product keys at the time of software installation and enables better protection and management of your product keys through new and enhanced activation management tools. In addition, Volume Activation 2.0 can also serve as the starting point for more effective software asset management. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Volume editions of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 have a built-in setup key that enables installation and use of the operating system during a 30-day grace period without use of your customer-specific product key issued as part of the volume license program. This grace period can be extended up to three times using “rearm” technology, which allows the product to be used for 120 days without any product activation. To do this, at a command prompt, type <maml:computerOutputInline>slmgr.vbs /rearm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Microsoft provides two types of customer-specific keys for each license enrollment that you have under your volume licensing agreement—the Multiple Activation Key (MAK) and the Key Management Service (KMS) Key. You should decide whether to use MAK or KMS activation in a particular environment based on the number of physical systems and network connectivity. In situations where there is connectivity within your network and its KMS host, the KMS activation should work well. In other scenarios, you should consider MAK activation. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Multiple Activation Key</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Multiple Activation Key (MAK) is used for one-time activation with Microsoft hosted activation services. MAK activation can be done online, by phone, or by using a proxy method using the Volume Activation Management Tool (VAMT). MAK Keys have predetermined numbers of allowed activations depending on the type of license agreement. You can request to have your activation limit increased through the Microsoft Activation Centers (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96171</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96171"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Key Management Service Key</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Key Management Service (KMS) Key is used for establishing a local activation enablement service (the Key Management Service) that is hosted locally in your environment. Using the KMS Key eliminates any need for individual computers to connect to Microsoft. The Key Management Service does not require a dedicated system and can be co-located with other services in your environment. The KMS Key is used to perform a one-time activation of the KMS host by connecting directly to Microsoft online or by phone. Note that the KMS Key itself can be used to activate up to 6 different KMS hosts by default. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Each KMS host enables an unlimited number of activations of both physical and virtual systems once the minimal number of physical computers has contacted the KMS host. The minimum number of physical computers required for KMS-based activation is 25 for Windows 7 and 5 for Windows Server 2008 R2. The minimal count is cumulative between Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. The activation process is as follows:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="ordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The operating system locates a local Key Management Service using Domain Name System records or registry settings. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Once the Key Management Service is located, the client sends an RPC request with its binding principal over TCP/IP (port 1688) to the KMS host. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The KMS host maintains a record of the last 50 systems that have contacted it in the last 30 days and responds to the client request with a count of how many systems are in its record. If the number exceeds the minimal count, the client self-activates with an activation validity value (that is, a time limit) of 180 days. If the communication is unsuccessful, the client retries every two hours until it succeeds or the grace period is exhausted.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>Any system activated using the Key Management Service must thereafter connect with a KMS host at least once every 6 months to renew its activation validity value of 180 days. By default, every system that is activated successfully using the Key Management Service tries to connect with the KMS host once every 7 days. While the Key Management Service allows for the configuration of TCP/IP ports, and retry and renewal intervals, it does not allow for configuration of the minimal number of systems or activation validity values. All connections to the Key Management Service are automated and there is no end-user experience to KMS activation. No information about the systems that have been activated using the KMS host is sent to Microsoft.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To get detailed activation information, at a command prompt, type <maml:computerOutputInline>slmgr.vbs /dli</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information on deploying using Volume Activation 2.0, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=95465</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=95465"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing your volume licenses</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Once you have deployed and activated your servers, there are a number of online tools available to help you manage and track your licenses, including Microsoft Volume License Services (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96143</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96143"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft Volume Licensing (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=307</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=307"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Volume Activation 2.0 FAQ (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96170</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96170"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Manage Your Volume Licenses (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96141</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=96141"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Server Fundamentals</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Availability and Scalability Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Backup and Recovery Overview [H1S]</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Device Management and Installation Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Group Policy Management Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Networking Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Performance and Reliability</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Remote Management and Scripting Overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Security Overview [LHS h1s]</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Server Core Installation Option Overview [Preliminary]</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Overview [Preliminary]</maml:linkText><maml:uri href=""></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using the Windows Server® 2008 R2 Active Directory® Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) role, formerly known as Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM), you can provide directory services for directory-enabled applications without incurring the overhead of domains and forests and the requirements of a single schema throughout a forest.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about the AD LDS server role, the features in it, and the software and hardware considerations for installing it.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is the AD LDS server role?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>AD LDS is a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory service that provides flexible support for directory-enabled applications, without the dependencies that are required for Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS). AD LDS provides much of the same functionality as AD DS, but it does not require the deployment of domains or domain controllers. You can run multiple instances of AD LDS concurrently on a single computer, with an independently managed schema for each AD LDS instance.</maml:para>
<maml:para>AD DS provides directory services for both the Windows Server operating system and for directory-enabled applications. For the server operating system, AD DS stores critical information about the network infrastructure, users and groups, network services, and so on. In this role, AD DS must adhere to a single schema throughout an entire forest.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The AD LDS server role, on the other hand, provides directory services specifically for directory-enabled applications. AD LDS does not require or rely on Active Directory domains or forests. However, in environments where AD DS exists, AD LDS can use AD DS for the authentication of Windows security principals.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in the AD LDS server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use the AD LDS server role to create multiple AD LDS instances on a single computer. Each instance runs as a separate service in its own execution context. The AD LDS server role includes the following features to make it easy to create, configure, and manage AD LDS instances:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A wizard that guides you through the process of creating an AD LDS instance</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Command-line tools for performing unattended installation and removal of AD LDS instances</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins for configuring and managing AD LDS instances, including the schema for each instance </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>AD LDS–specific command-line tools for managing, populating, and synchronizing AD LDS instances</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>In addition to these tools, you can also use many Active Directory tools to administer AD LDS instances.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 includes the additional AD LDS features in the following table.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Feature</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Description</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Install from Media (IFM) Generation</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With this feature, you can use a one-step Ntdsutil.exe or Dsdbutil.exe process to create installation media for subsequent AD LDS installations.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Audit AD LDS changes</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With this feature, you can set up AD LDS auditing with a new audit subcategory to log old and new values when changes are made to objects and their attributes.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>This feature also applies to AD DS. For more information, see AD DS: Auditing (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94846</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94846"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Data Mining Tool</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With this feature, you can view directory data that is stored online in snapshots that are taken at different points in time to better decide which data to restore, without having to restart the server.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>This feature also applies to AD DS. For more information, see AD DS: Database Mounting Tool (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94847</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94847"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Support for Active Directory Sites and Services</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With this feature, you can use the Active Directory Sites and Services snap-in to manage replication among AD LDS instances. To use this tool, you must import the classes in MS-ADLDS-DisplaySpecifiers.LDF to extend the schema of a configuration set that you want to manage. To connect to an AD LDS instance that hosts your configuration set, specify the computer name and the port number of a server that hosts this AD LDS instance.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Dynamic list of LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) files during instance setup</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With this feature, you can make custom LDIF files available during AD LDS instance setup—in addition to the default LDIF files that are provided with AD LDS—by adding the files to the %systemroot%\ADAM directory.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Recursive linked-attribute queries</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With this feature, you can create a single LDAP query that can follow nested attribute links. This can be very useful in determining group membership and ancestry. For more information, see article 914828 in the Microsoft Knowledge Base (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94828</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94828"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Use performance counters, testing in the lab, data from existing hardware in a production environment, and pilot roll-outs to determine the capacity needs for your server.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing AD LDS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, a list of initial configuration tasks appears. To install AD LDS, in the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Active Directory Lightweight Directory Server</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>After you add the AD LDS server role to your server, you can create an AD LDS instance. To create an AD LDS instance, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Setup Wizard</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing an AD LDS instance</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can manage AD LDS instances by using the ADSI Edit MMC snap-in. To manage an AD LDS instance, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>ADSI Edit</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about AD LDS, click the <maml:ui>AD LDS Help </maml:ui>link in Server Manager.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Active Directory Rights Management Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) and the AD RMS client, you can augment an organization's security strategy by protecting information through persistent usage policies, which remain with the information, no matter where it is moved. You can use AD RMS to help prevent sensitive information—such as financial reports, product specifications, customer data, and confidential e-mail messages—from intentionally or accidentally getting into the wrong hands. </maml:para>
<maml:para>For information about AD RMS, see the Active Directory Rights Management Services TechCenter page at <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=80907</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=80907"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about AD RMS, the required and optional features in AD RMS, and hardware and software used for running AD RMS. At the end of this topic, learn how to open the AD RMS console and how to find more information about AD RMS.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is Active Directory Rights Management Services?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>An AD RMS system includes a Windows Server® 2008 R2-based server running the Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) server role that handles certificates and licensing, a database server, and the AD RMS client. The latest version of the AD RMS client is included as part of the Windows® 7 and Windows Vista® operating systems. The deployment of an AD RMS system provides the following benefits to an organization:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Safeguard sensitive information</maml:phrase>. Applications such as word processors, e-mail clients, and line-of-business applications can be AD RMS-enabled to help safeguard sensitive information Users can define who can open, modify, print, forward, or take other actions with the information. Organizations can create custom usage policy templates such as "confidential - read only" that can be applied directly to the information.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Persistent protection</maml:phrase>. AD RMS augments existing perimeter-based security solutions, such as firewalls and access control lists (ACLs), for better information protection by locking the usage rights within the document itself, controlling how information is used even after it has been opened by intended recipients.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Flexible and customizable technology</maml:phrase>. Independent software vendors (ISVs) and developers can AD RMS-enable any application or enable other servers, such as content management systems or portal servers running on Windows or other operating systems, to work with AD RMS to help safeguard sensitive information. ISVs are enabled to integrate information protection into server-based solutions such as document and records management, e-mail gateways and archival systems, automated workflows, and content inspection.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>AD RMS provides developer tools and industry security technologies—including encryption, certificates, and authentication—to help organizations create reliable information protection solutions. For creating customized AD RMS solutions, an AD RMS software development kit (SDK) is available.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in AD RMS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using Server Manager, you can set up the following components of AD RMS:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Active Directory Rights Management Services</maml:phrase>. The Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) role service is a required role service that installs the AD RMS components used to publish and consume rights-protected content.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Identity Federation Support</maml:phrase>. The identity federation support role service is an optional role service that allows federated identities to consume rights-protected content by using Active Directory Federation Services.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>AD RMS runs on a computer running the Windows Server 2008 R2 operating system. When the AD RMS server role is installed, the required services are installed, one of which is Internet Information Services (IIS). AD RMS also requires a database, such as Microsoft SQL Server, which can be run either on the same server as AD RMS or on a remote server, and an Active Directory Domain Services forest.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table describes the minimum hardware requirements and recommendations for running Windows Server 2008 R2-based servers with the AD RMS server role. </maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Requirement</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Recommendation</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>One Pentium 4 3 GHz processor or higher</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Two Pentium 4 3 GHz processors or higher</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>512 MB of RAM</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>1024 MB of RAM</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>40 GB of free hard disk space</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>80 GB of free hard disk space</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>To assist with your hardware considerations, use testing in a lab environment, data from existing hardware in a production environment, and pilot roll-outs to determine the capacity needed for your server.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table describes the software requirements for running Windows Server 2008 R2-based servers with the AD RMS server role. For requirements that can be met by enabling features on the operating system, installing the AD RMS server role will configure those features as appropriate, if they are not already configured. </maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Software</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Requirement</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Operating system</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>File system</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>NTFS file system is recommended</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Messaging</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Message Queuing</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Web services</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Internet Information Services (IIS).</maml:para>
<maml:para>ASP.NET must be enabled.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory or Active Directory Domain Services</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>AD RMS must be installed in an Active Directory domain in which the domain controllers are running Windows Server 2000 with Service Pack 3 (SP3), Windows Server 2003, Windows Server® 2008, or Windows Server 2008 R2. All users and groups who use AD RMS to acquire licenses and publish content must have an e-mail address configured in Active Directory.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Database server</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>AD RMS requires a database server, such as Microsoft SQL Server 2005 or Microsoft SQL Server 2008, and stored procedures to perform operations. The AD RMS server role on Windows Server 2008 R2 does not support Microsoft SQL Server 2000.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
<maml:para>The AD RMS-enabled client must have an AD RMS-enabled browser or application, such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, or PowerPoint in Microsoft Office 2007. The AD RMS-enabled client must have an AD RMS-enabled browser or application, such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, or PowerPoint in Microsoft Office 2007. These applications require the Enterprise, Professional Plus, or Ultimate versions of Microsoft Office 2007 to create rights-protected content.
For additional security, AD RMS can be integrated with other technologies such as smart cards.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows 7 and Windows Vista include the AD RMS client by default, but other client operating systems must have the RMS client installed. The RMS client with Service Pack 2 (SP2) can be downloaded from the Microsoft Download Center and works on versions of the client operating system earlier than Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. </maml:para>
<maml:para>For more detailed information about hardware and software considerations with AD RMS, see the Pre-installation Information for Active Directory Rights Management Services topic on the Windows Server 2008 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84733</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84733"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing AD RMS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, you can use Initial Configuration Tasks or Server Manager to install server roles. To install AD RMS, in the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui>, and then click the <maml:ui>Active Directory Rights Management Services</maml:ui> check box.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For detailed instructions about installing and configuring AD RMS in a test environment, see the AD RMS installation Step-by-Step Guide (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=72134</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=72134"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing AD RMS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server roles are managed by using a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in. Use the Active Directory Rights Management Services console to manage AD RMS. To open the Active Directory Rights Management console, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Active Directory Rights Management Services</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about AD RMS, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open the Active Directory Rights Management Services console, and then press F1, or visit the Active Directory Rights Management Services TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=80907</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=80907"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><tutorial contentType="Tutorial" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10" xmlns:xp_0="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><title>Windows Server 2008 Help and Support</title><content><example><para><embedObject targetVerification="false"><objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a507815f-88e2-45b8-abb3-417ef605b2f3" mimeType="image/gif"><summary>Windows Server 2008 logo</summary></objectUri></embedObject></para></example><para><embedObject targetVerification="false"><objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=1a742dab-78bd-4d0e-83ac-caffc1efea44" mimeType="image/gif"><summary>Globe icon for Windows Server TechCenter</summary></objectUri></embedObject><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText> Windows Server TechCenter (Web)</linkText><uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=81759"><summary>Windows Server TechCenter</summary></uri></navigationLink></para><sections><section><title>Server Roles (More Server Roles)</title><table><summary>Server Roles (More Server Roles)</summary><introduction><para>Server Roles <phrase><navigationLink><linkText>(More Server Roles)</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=1d85bd75-1b78-4837-b6cc-9c92591c9b10"><summary>More Server Roles</summary></uri></navigationLink></phrase></para></introduction><row><entry><para><embedObject targetVerification="false"><objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=60c00083-a603-43a0-8d90-a513e7114628" mimeType="image/gif"><summary>Icon for Web Services role</summary></objectUri></embedObject></para></entry><entry><para><embedObject targetVerification="false"><objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=2feb7019-a11f-4331-9d68-d8a7bbb047a5" mimeType="image/gif"><summary>Icon for Active Directory Domain Services role</summary></objectUri></embedObject></para></entry><entry><para><embedObject targetVerification="false"><objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=38637d00-840f-48b4-8048-f19070a5d4aa" mimeType="image/gif"><summary>Icon for File Services role</summary></objectUri></embedObject></para></entry></row><row><entry><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Web Server (IIS)</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e6165721-03f8-4658-af17-8c7dbbf9911e"><summary>Web Server</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></entry><entry><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Active Directory Domain Services</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9a5cba91-7153-4265-adda-c70df2321982"><summary>Active Directory Domain Services</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></entry><entry><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>File Services</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413"><summary>File Services</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></entry></row></table><table><summary>This table shows links for Server Fundamentals</summary><introduction><para>
Server Fundamentals</para></introduction><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Availability and Scalability</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9db79601-895d-4148-8cbb-85a1edcf982f"><summary>Availability and Scalability</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Networking</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=12f461df-9022-46b4-b89b-b6a09a58ba91"><summary>Networking</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry></row><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Backup and Recovery</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=c41048b7-4ca4-485e-871e-570084eb0cb2"><summary>Backup and Recovery</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Security and Protection</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7"><summary>Security and Protection</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry></row><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Group Policy</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=c8d248f9-66b2-42c9-a966-1d87741d3913"><summary>Group Policy</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Selecting Roles and Features</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=3de0521d-80c2-4246-852a-5a45b7c1b339"><summary>Selecting Roles and Features</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry></row></table><table><summary>This table shows links for Additional Resources</summary><introduction><para>
Additional Resources</para></introduction><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Troubleshooting</linkText><uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=76538"><summary>Windows Server Troubleshooting</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Microsoft Knowledge Base</linkText><uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=81763"><summary>Microsoft Knowledge Base</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry></row><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Script Center</linkText><uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=81761"><summary>Script Center</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Command Reference</linkText><uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=81765"><summary>Command Reference</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry></row><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Developer Resources</linkText><uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=81762"><summary>Developer Resources</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Windows PowerShell</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=b2f4633a-7cbd-406a-b040-c7dca3822765"><summary>Windows PowerShell</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry></row><row><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>Accessibility</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=38a2f601-fe32-48c6-8b9d-15157397be4b"><summary>Accessiblity</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list></entry><entry><list class="unordered"><listItem><para><navigationLink targetVerification="false"><linkText>How to Find Information</linkText><uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=473b162e-ca00-48b9-ac63-a87e6db70a42"><summary>How to Find Information</summary></uri></navigationLink></para></listItem></list><para></para></entry></row><row><entry><para></para></entry><entry><para></para></entry></row></table><para>©2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.</para></section></sections></content></tutorial><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Fax Server Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use a fax server to manage shared fax resources. This topic describes what you can do with a fax server, the features in a fax server, and the hardware and software used for running fax servers. It also explains how to install the Fax Server role and how to open Fax Service Manager to work with fax servers.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Fax server capabilities</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use a fax server to configure fax devices to enable the users in your network to send and receive faxes. On a computer running Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2, you must install the Fax Server role to create a fax server, install the Fax service, and install Fax Service Manager. (The Fax Server role is available from Server Manager.)</maml:para>
<maml:para>Once you have created a fax server, you can use the server to do the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure fax devices.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Manage users.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Set up routing policies for incoming faxes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Set up rules for outbound faxes to specific device groups.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Set up archiving of faxes that have been previously sent or received.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure logging to track the use of fax resources.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure delivery receipts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Stop or start the Fax service and block the Fax service from accepting any outbound or inbound faxes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>Fax users can then send, receive, and manage their faxes by using a network fax device managed by the fax server.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Fax components</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Key fax-related components include:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Fax Server role</maml:phrase>. To create a fax server, you must install the Fax Server role from Server Manager. This installs Fax Service Manager, Windows Fax and Scan, the fax printer, and the Fax service.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Once you install the Fax Server role, you can access a role page in Server Manager that provides a single point from which you can view fax events, view status information for the Fax service, and access resources and additional information for fax servers. To access this page, in Server Manager, click <maml:ui>Roles</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Fax Server</maml:ui>. The role page appears in the right pane.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Fax service</maml:phrase>. After you install the Fax Server role, the Fax service appears in the Services snap-in and you can start or stop the service directly from there or from the Fax Server role page in Server Manager.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Fax Service Manager</maml:phrase>. Fax Service Manager is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that provides a central administration point for configuring and managing your fax resources. After you install the Fax Server role, you can access Fax Service Manager from Server Manager by clicking <maml:ui>Roles</maml:ui>, clicking <maml:ui>Fax Server</maml:ui>, and then clicking <maml:ui>Fax</maml:ui>. You can also access this tool by adding it to an MMC console.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows Fax and Scan</maml:phrase>. After you install the Fax Server role, you can access Windows Fax and Scan by clicking <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, and then clicking <maml:ui>All Programs</maml:ui>. On a fax server, you can use Windows Fax and Scan to send faxes, add accounts, and to monitor the incoming fax queue, the inbox, and the outbox. Users who are using computers running Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise, Windows Vista Ultimate, and certain versions of Windows 7 can use this feature to send faxes and configure fax receipts.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>Users who are using computers running versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 can send a fax using Fax Console. For more information about how to use Fax Console and manage fax servers in earlier versions of Windows, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=90750</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=90750"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>For more information about using Windows Fax and Scan to send and receive faxes, see Windows Fax and Scan on the Windows Help and How-to site (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=90751</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=90751"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Fax Server role is available in all editions of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2, except for Windows Web Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-Based Systems. In addition, the Fax Service Manager snap-in is not available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
<maml:para>When you upgrade a fax server from Windows Server 2003 to Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2, the Fax Server role will be automatically installed as part of the upgrade. However, only certain settings will be maintained during the upgrade. For example, you must reconfigure fax sharing. In addition, any settings on the <maml:ui>Security</maml:ui> tab in the <maml:ui>Properties</maml:ui> dialog box of Fax Service Manager will revert to the default settings. Also, fax user accounts will not be created—you must create them manually. For more information, see the Fax Service Manager Help (at <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>, type: <maml:userInput>HH faxcons.chm</maml:userInput>).</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="important"><maml:title>Important </maml:title><maml:para>If you are using a computer running Windows Server 2008 R2 with Hyper-V installed, you cannot use the Fax Server role within the virtualized environment. The Fax Server role requires access to at least one physical modem device and Hyper-V does not provide physical access to COM ports. For more information about Hyper-V, see the Windows Server 2008 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140505</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140505"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing the Fax Server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To create a fax server, you must install the Fax Server role. This installs the Fax Server role page, Fax Service Manager, Windows Fax and Scan, the Fax service, and the fax printer.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Before you begin installing the Fax Server role, make sure that any modem devices you need have been installed on the server. If you plan to install a new modem device, you can save time by installing it before you set up the Fax Server role.
We recommend that you install the Fax Server role locally and not by using a Remote Desktop connection. You can install the Fax Server role remotely, but you need to make sure that local resource sharing is turned off.
</maml:para>
<maml:para>To install fax components, you must be a member of the Administrators group or you must have been delegated the appropriate authority.</maml:para><maml:procedure><maml:title>To install the Fax Server role</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and click <maml:ui>Server Manager</maml:ui>. In the left pane, click <maml:ui>Roles</maml:ui>, and then in the right pane, click <maml:ui>Add Roles</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the Add Roles Wizard, on the <maml:ui>Select Server Roles</maml:ui> page, select the check box for <maml:ui>Fax Server</maml:ui>. When you do this, you will see a message that Print and Document Services also needs to be installed with the Fax Server role.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Add Required Role Services</maml:ui> and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>Select Fax Users</maml:ui> page, click <maml:ui>Add</maml:ui> and then type the domain and user name for groups and users that will have access to the fax server to send or receive faxes. Click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui> and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>The members of the local Administrators group are added automatically to the Fax Users group. Membership in these groups can be modified later using Fax Service Manager.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>Specify Who Can Access the Fax Server Inbox</maml:ui> page, do one of the following and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Only routing assistants can access the fax server inbox</maml:ui> to limit access to the inbox to just members of the Routing Assistants user group. These users are responsible for routing faxes in the inbox to the intended recipients. You will specify group members later in the wizard.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>All users can access the fax server inbox</maml:ui> to give all users with access to the fax server the ability to view all received faxes. This option provides less privacy because every fax user can access all received faxes, but it also requires less management.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>If you chose to limit access to the inbox to Routing Assistants, on the <maml:ui>Select Routing Assistants</maml:ui> page, click <maml:ui>Add</maml:ui> and then type the group name or domain and user name for groups and users who will be members of the Routing Assistants group. Click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui> and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>As with the Fax Users group, the members of the local Administrators group are added automatically to the Routing Assistants group.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Continue through the wizard until you reach the <maml:ui>Confirm Installation Selections</maml:ui> page and review the choices that you made. Click <maml:ui>Install</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>The roles that you selected are installed. If there is an error during the installation, it will be noted on the <maml:ui>Installation Results</maml:ui> page.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>, and then double-click <maml:ui>Printers</maml:ui>. Confirm that a printer named <maml:ui>Fax</maml:ui> exists. If it does not, then restart the computer. (Or, if you cannot restart the computer, stop and restart the Print Spooler service instead. To do this, in Services, in the right pane, right-click <maml:ui>Print Spooler</maml:ui>, and click <maml:ui>Stop</maml:ui>. Then right-click <maml:ui>Print Spooler</maml:ui> again, and click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>.)</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing a fax server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you have the Fax Server role installed, you can use Fax Service Manager to manage a fax server. To open Fax Service Manager using Server Manager, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Server Manager</maml:ui>, double-click <maml:ui>Roles</maml:ui>, and then double-click <maml:ui>Fax</maml:ui>. Or, to open Fax Service Manager, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Fax Service Manager</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also access Fax Service Manager by adding the snap-in to an MMC console. Use this method if you want to use the console to manage a fax server remotely. Follow the instructions in MMC Help for adding a snap-in to a console and configuring it to manage a remote computer.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To learn more about the Fax Server role and Fax Service Manager, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, either open Fax Service Manager as described in the previous section and press <maml:ui>F1</maml:ui>, or type the following at <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>: <maml:userInput>hh faxcons.chm</maml:userInput>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA), the evolution of the Interix subsystem that formerly shipped with Windows Services for UNIX 3.5, is a multi-user UNIX environment that operates on computers running Windows server-class operating systems. SUA and its accompanying utilities provide you with an environment that resembles UNIX-based operating systems. It also includes case-sensitive file names, job control, compilation tools, and the use of over 300 UNIX commands, utilities, and shell scripts. Because SUA is designed to run atop the Windows kernel, it offers true UNIX-based functionality without any emulation.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>In this section</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Installing Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_SUAInstalling"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Computing environments with Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_ComputingEnvSUA"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Porting applications by using Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_PortAppsSUA"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SUAInstalling">
<maml:title>Installing Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA) is a feature included with Microsoft® Windows Server® 2008 R2 and Windows® 7.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="important"><maml:title>Important </maml:title>
<maml:para>Until the download package Utilities and Software Development Kit for Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (Utilities and SDK for SUA) has been installed on the computer, you cannot run or modify UNIX-based scripts and custom UNIX-based applications. The Utilities and SDK for SUA package is available for download on the Microsoft Web site (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=139521</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=139521"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>How to install Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications on Windows 7</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_Vista"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>How to install Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications on Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_Longhorn"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Vista">
<maml:title>How to install Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications on Windows 7</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can install Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications either by using the Windows 7 interface, or by using a command prompt. Perform the following steps to install SUA on your computer.</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Using the Windows interface</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_SUAWindowsUI"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Using a command line</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_SUACommandLine"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="BKMK_SUAWindowsUI">
<maml:title>Using the Windows interface</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To install SUA by using the Windows interface</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui> window, click <maml:ui>Programs</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Under <maml:ui>Programs and Features</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Turn Windows features on or off</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>If the <maml:ui>User Account Control</maml:ui> dialog box opens, click <maml:ui>Continue</maml:ui>. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the <maml:ui>Windows Features</maml:ui> dialog box, select the <maml:ui>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:ui> check box. Click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the Add Features Wizard, on the <maml:ui>Select Features</maml:ui> page, select the <maml:ui>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:ui> check box.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Installation might require a few minutes to complete.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_SUACommandLine">
<maml:title>Using a command line</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To install SUA by using a command line</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Open a command prompt window. To open a command prompt window, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click in the <maml:ui>Start Search</maml:ui> text box, type <maml:userInput>cmd</maml:userInput> and then press ENTER.</maml:para>
<maml:para>A <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui> shortcut may also be available on the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> menu.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Change directories to %<maml:replaceable>windir</maml:replaceable>%\system32.</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Example:</maml:phrase> The current directory is <maml:computerOutputInline>C:\Documents and Settings\</maml:computerOutputInline><maml:replaceable>user_name</maml:replaceable>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Type <maml:userInput>cd ..\..\Windows</maml:userInput> to change to the <maml:computerOutputInline>C:\Windows</maml:computerOutputInline> directory.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Enter the following command:</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:computerOutputInline>start /w pkgmgr /iu:SUA</maml:computerOutputInline></maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>If a <maml:ui>User Account Control</maml:ui> dialog box opens , click <maml:ui>Continue</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Installation is complete when the command window displays a %windir%\system32 prompt on a new line.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Longhorn">
<maml:title>How to install Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications on Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can install Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications either by using the Windows Server 2008 R2 interface, or by using a command prompt. Perform the following steps to install SUA on your computer.</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Using the Windows interface</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_SUAWindowsLHUI"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Using a command line</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7d8618d2-7ef8-4bcf-9315-c1f1bfad17cd#BKMK_SUALHCommandLine"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="BKMK_SUAWindowsLHUI">
<maml:title>Using the Windows interface</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To install SUA by using the Windows interface</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Open Server Manager. Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Server Manager</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the <maml:ui>Features Summary</maml:ui> area of the Server Manager home page, click <maml:ui>Add Features</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The <maml:ui>Add Features Wizard</maml:ui> opens.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>Select Features</maml:ui> page of the Add Features Wizard, select <maml:ui>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Install</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Installation might require a few minutes to complete.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_SUALHCommandLine">
<maml:title>Using a command line</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>As with other features available with Windows Server 2008 R2, you can use the Server Manager command line to install or remove SUA from your computer. The Server Manager command line has other parameters available that you can use to show you more information about the installation process or to identify features already installed on the computer. For more information about the Server Manager command line, see the Server Manager Help.</maml:para>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To install SUA by using a command line</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Open a <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui> window with elevated privileges. To do this, right-click the <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui> executable, or the <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui> object on the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> menu, and then click <maml:ui>Run as administrator</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Type the following, and press <maml:computerOutputInline>ENTER</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:userInput>ServerManagerCmd.exe -install Subsystem-UNIX-Apps -restart</maml:userInput></maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>The command identifier for SUA, Subsystem-UNIX-Apps, is not case sensitive.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>The -restart parameter at the end of the Server Manager command instructs Server Manager to restart the computer only if necessary to complete the installation process.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also use the Server Manager line command with an XML answer file. For more information about using answer files with the Server Manager command, see "Creating an Answer File for Server Manager Commands" in the Server Manager Help.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_ComputingEnvSUA">
<maml:title>Computing environments with Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A computer running SUA provides two different command-line environments: the UNIX environment and the Windows environment. Applications run on specific subsystems and in specific environments. When you load SUA, you are using a UNIX environment; when you run applications on the Windows subsystem, you are using a Windows environment.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For example, when you use the Korn shell or C shell available with the download package Utilities and SDK for SUA, or any other application that was compiled to run on SUA, you are using a UNIX environment. Among other things, this environment features case-sensitive file names and path names that use the format /usr/examples. For more information about the commands and utilities that are available in SUA, see the Help files that ship with the download package Utilities and SDK for SUA. This download package is available from the Microsoft Web site (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=139521</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=139521"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
<maml:para>When you use the command processor <maml:computerOutputInline>cmd.exe</maml:computerOutputInline>, you are using the Windows environment. This environment includes case-insensitive file names, and path names that include drive letters, as shown in the following example: C:\SUA\usr\examples. For more information about path names in SUA and Windows, see the Help files that ship with the download package Utilities and SDK for SUA.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_PortAppsSUA">
<maml:title>Porting applications by using Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications provides both the tools and the application programming interface (API) libraries for porting applications to run on Windows-based computers. With the software development kit (SDK), which provides a front end for the Microsoft Visual C++® development system, you can have a UNIX environment for development, but still have the benefits of the native compiler for Windows. For more information about path names in SUA and Windows, see the Help files that ship with the download package Utilities and SDK for SUA.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content><maml:relatedLinks type="seeAlso"><maml:title>See Also</maml:title><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Utilities and SDK for Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications in Microsoft Windows Vista RTM, Windows Vista SP1, and Windows Server 2008 RTM</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=67558"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:relatedLinks></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Security Information for the IT Professional</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The security features available in the Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 operating systems allow you to implement and manage important security elements in your IT infrastructure.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn about some of the security features available to you, how to access those features, and how to use them to manage specific aspects of your overall security design. For other security features, perform another search through Help and Support, or search the Microsoft TechNet Web site (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130210</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130210"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Access control</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_AC"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>ActiveX Installer Service</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_axis"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Authentication</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_authn"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Authorization Manager</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_AM"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>BitLocker Drive Encryption</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_BDE"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Encrypting File System</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_EFS"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Logon</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_Logon"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Managed service accounts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_ManagedAccounts"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Passwords</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_Passwords"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Security auditing</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SA"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Security configuration and analysis</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SC"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Security Configuration Wizard</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SCW"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Security policy settings</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SecPolSet"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Security templates</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SecTmpl"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Smart cards</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SCS"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Trusted Platform Module Management</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_TPM"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Virtual accounts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_VirtualAccounts"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Sysinternals</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=900e86c2-f159-4465-8090-14ead9c291f7#BKMK_SysInternals"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>Each server role in Windows Server 2008 R2 requires specific security configurations, depending upon your deployment scenario and infrastructure requirements. The documentation that supports each server role contains security configuration information and other security considerations. Using Server Manager, you can view a complete list of available server roles included with Windows Server 2008 R2. To open Server Manager, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Server Manager</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The most current security documentation for Windows Server 2008 R2 is located in the Windows Server 2008 R2 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93803</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93803"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
<maml:para>The most current security documentation for Windows 7 is located in the Windows 7 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130211</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130211"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section address="BKMK_AC">
<maml:title>Access control</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Access control is the process of authorizing users, groups, and computers to access objects, for which you can set permissions and grant rights and privileges, on a computer or network. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about access control and authorization.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Vista.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Server 2008.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To administer access control on the local computer, you must be an administrator on that computer or have the appropriate rights to the object.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To administer authorization and access control across the domain, you must be a domain administrator for that domain. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing access control</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required. However, to administer them across a domain, you need to install and configure the Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) server role and the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC).</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with access control</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To administer access control on the local computer, you must be an administrator on that computer or have the appropriate rights to the object.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To administer authorization and access control across the domain, you must be a domain administrator for that domain, and you must install and configure the AD DS server role and the GPMC. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about configuring access control settings on computer objects, open the Access Control User Interface help (Aclui.chm), or press F1 from the <maml:ui>Security</maml:ui> tab on the <maml:ui>Properties</maml:ui> dialog box of any computer object.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To learn more about other access control technologies for the enterprise:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>AD DS: You can view the Help (Domainadmin.chm) on your server. To do this, open the Help file, or open the AD DS Users and Computers snap-in and press F1.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Group Policy: You can view the Help (Gpmc.chm or Gpedit.chm) on your server. To do this, open the Help files, or install and open the Local Group Policy Editor or the GPMC and press F1.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list><maml:para>For more information about access control and authorization, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130213</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130213"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_axis">
<maml:title>ActiveX Installer Service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The ActiveX Installer Service allows the system administrator to establish a security policy for standard users to regulate the installation of ActiveX controls on each computer in the enterprise. </maml:para>
<maml:para>When a standard user uses a supported Web browser to browse to a site that requires the user to install an ActiveX control, the ActiveX Installer Service checks whether the host URL requesting the ActiveX control installation is approved in Group Policy. If the host URL is approved, the service installs the ActiveX control for the standard user, and the user does not have to provide administrator credentials or approval. If the host URL is not approved, the default ActiveX control setting is used and the user is required to provide administrator credentials or approval.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about the ActiveX Installer Service, which is not available on Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The ActiveX Installer Service supports installing ActiveX controls from specific trusted domains as set by the system administrator and deployed through Group Policy.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Not all Web browsers support the ActiveX Installer Service. </maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing the ActiveX Installer Service</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required. The ActiveX Installer Service can be enabled through Control Panel by using the <maml:ui>Windows Features</maml:ui> dialog box. </maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with the ActiveX Installer Service</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Use the GPMC to configure the service settings with an administrative template in Group Policy. The administrative template consists of a list of approved installation sites, which the ActiveX Installer Service uses to determine whether an ActiveX control can be installed.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about the ActiveX Installer Service, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130290</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130290"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_authn">
<maml:title>Authentication</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Windows operating system implements a set of authentication protocols and packages, including Kerberos, NTLM, Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer (TLS/SSL), Digest, Negotiate, and the Credential Security Service Provider (CredSSP), as part of an extensible architecture. These protocols and authentication packages enable the authentication of users, computers, and services; the authentication process, in turn, enables authorized users and services to access resources in a secure manner. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about authentication.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To strengthen Windows authentication in support of new features, the following improvements have been made: the ability to reduce NTLM usage, additional Kerberos encryption support, Windows Vault to support the Credential Manager, additional Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptography support, Suite B compliance, authenticated access to enhanced storage devices, and smart card credential enhancements. For more information, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130237</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130237"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Different versions of Windows client and server operating systems support different forms and strengths of authentication protocols. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing authentication protocols</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Windows authentication is a built-in feature of all Windows operating systems. Authentication protocols and packages are core components of the authentication architecture.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Configuration is essential to achieve the most effective authentication scheme for your network and for each server role.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security for authentication</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Local security policies relevant to authentication can be configured through the Local Security Policy snap-in of the MMC under <maml:phrase>Security Settings\Local Policies\Security Options</maml:phrase>. </maml:para><maml:para>Authentication strength for Web communication can be set in your Web browser, if supported. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For configuration and management information about Windows authentication core services and features, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130238</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130238"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>For additional information, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130238</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130238"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_AM">
<maml:title>Authorization Manager</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Authorization Manager is a role-based management tool that can be used to control access to resources by assigning users to roles. It gives you a central place to manage and track what permissions have been granted to each role, and therefore to manage and track each user included in that role. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about Authorization Manager.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Vista.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Server 2008.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no operational differences in Authorization Manager between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing Authorization Manager</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You install Authorization Manager by using the MMC and developing or establishing a connection to your authorization store.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with Authorization Manager</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>As an Authorization Manager administrator, you can provide effective access to network and computer resources from Windows 7 by assigning users to roles and managing what permissions have been granted to each role.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>As an Authorization Manager administrator, you can provide effective access to network and computer resources from Windows Server 2008 R2 by assigning users to roles and managing what permissions have been granted to each role. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>On this computer, open the file Authm.chm, or open the Authorization Manager snap-in and press F1 for detailed information.</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>On this computer, open the file Authm.chm, or open the Authorization Manager snap-in and press F1 for detailed information.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Authorization Manager, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130241</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130241"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_BDE">
<maml:title>BitLocker Drive Encryption</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>BitLocker Drive Encryption is a data protection feature available in Windows Server 2008 R2 and in some editions of Windows 7. BitLocker enhances data protection by combining full drive encryption with integrity checking of boot components.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about BitLocker.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The introduction of a key protector based on a certificate issued by a certification authority (CA) allows you to create and unlock the following:
</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>BitLocker data volume via the key protector based on a CA-issued certificate.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>BitLocker key protector based on a smart card–stored certificate.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>BitLocker key protector based on a self-signed certificate.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>BitLocker key protector based on Windows Live ID.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list><maml:para>You can encrypt your removable media by opening Windows Explorer, right-clicking on the drive, and selecting <maml:ui>Turn On BitLocker</maml:ui>.</maml:para><maml:para>New Group Policy settings provide functionality to:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Require all removable drives be BitLocker-protected before data can be saved on them.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Require or disallow specific methods for unlocking BitLocker-protected drives.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Configure methods to recover data from BitLocker-protected drives if the user's unlock credentials are not available.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>For additional information about changes in features and functionality for BitLocker, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130248</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130248"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para><maml:para>For additional information about changes in features and functionality for BitLocker, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130249</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130249"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The following are requirements for using BitLocker on a computer running Windows 7:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>An operational Trusted Platform Module (TPM) microchip, version 1.2, or a removable USB device.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A Trusted Computing Group (TCG)-compliant BIOS.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Two NTFS drive partitions, one for the system volume and one for the operating system volume.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A BIOS setting that starts the computer from the hard disk drive first, not the USB or CD drives.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To use certificate-based key protectors, Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) must be deployed in your environment.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing BitLocker</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>BitLocker is installed by default. To enable Bitlocker for this computer, click <maml:ui>Security</maml:ui> in Control Panel, and then select <maml:ui>BitLocker Drive Encryption</maml:ui>. The computer must be restarted to complete the process.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>BitLocker is installed by default. To enable BitLocker for this server, run the Add Features Wizard in Server Manager. To open Server Manager, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Server Manager</maml:ui>. The computer must be restarted to complete the process.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with BitLocker</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>With TPM, add the TPM Management snap-in to the MMC.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Without TPM, a removable USB startup key is required.</maml:para><maml:para>Group Policy settings have been extended to include configurable options for removable data drives as well as fixed data drives, and most have separate settings to be applied to operating system drives, fixed drives, and removable drives as appropriate. BitLocker Group Policy settings can be viewed by using either the Local Group Policy Editor or the GPMC. Group Policy settings for BitLocker that are applied globally are located in <maml:ui>Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components\BitLocker Drive Encryption</maml:ui>. Subfolders for fixed data drives, operating system drives, and removable drives support configuration of policy settings specific to those drives.</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about BitLocker Drive Encryption, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130248</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130248"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about BitLocker Drive Encryption, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130249</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130249"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para><maml:para>To learn more about BitLocker when used with TPM, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open the TPM Management snap-in, and press F1.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_EFS">
<maml:title>Encrypting File System</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Encrypting File System (EFS) provides the core file encryption technology used to store encrypted files on NTFS file system volumes. Because EFS is integrated with the file system, it is particularly useful for protecting data on computers that may be vulnerable to access by other users. Once you encrypt a file or folder, you work with the encrypted file or folder just as you do with any other files and folders.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about EFS.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>FIPS-compliant EFS has been strengthened to include Suite B cryptographic standards while compatibility with FIPS-compliant systems has been preserved. </maml:para><maml:para>For additional information about changes in features and functionality for EFS, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130252</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130252"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para><maml:para>For additional information about changes in features and functionality for EFS, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130253</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130253"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no operational differences in EFS between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing EFS</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with EFS</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>To use EFS, open Windows Explorer, and right-click the file or folder that you want to encrypt. Click <maml:ui>Properties</maml:ui>. On the <maml:ui>General</maml:ui> tab, click <maml:ui>Advanced</maml:ui>. Select the <maml:ui>Encrypt contents to secure data</maml:ui> check box, and then click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>. Additional encryption options are available. </maml:para><maml:para>You can also use the Cipher command-line tool to display or change the encryption of folders and files on NTFS partitions.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You can manage EFS by using Group Policy or the Encrypting File System wizard.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To view the EFS policies that are defined, open the Local Security Policy snap-in (Secpol.msc), and navigate to <maml:phrase>Security Settings\Public Key Policies\Encrypting File System\Properties</maml:phrase>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To start the Encrypting File System wizard, open Control Panel, and double-click <maml:ui>User Accounts</maml:ui>. Under <maml:ui>Tasks</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Manage your file encryption certificates</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>To use EFS, open Windows Explorer, and right-click the file or folder that you want to encrypt. Click <maml:ui>Properties</maml:ui>. On the <maml:ui>General</maml:ui> tab, click <maml:ui>Advanced</maml:ui>. Select the <maml:ui>Encrypt contents to secure data</maml:ui> check box, and then click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>. Additional encryption options are available. </maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also use the Cipher command-line tool to display or change the encryption of folders and files on NTFS partitions.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Command-line Help (/?) is available for Cipher. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about EFS, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130253</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130253"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_Logon">
<maml:title>Logon</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Logon technologies provide access to Windows resources through the management of user or services credentials. Logon technologies include network logon (Net Logon), domain logon, Windows logon (Winlogon or local logon), and logon scripts. Logon is coupled with various forms of authentication such as smart cards and passwords, pass phrases, and personal identification numbers (PINs).</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about logon technologies in Windows.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Credential Manager permits computer users to link their Windows account to online IDs and store that credential information in the Windows Vault. This allows Windows to recall the stored credentials for access to resources.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The ability to link online IDs with Windows logon accounts is not available for Windows operating systems earlier than Windows 7.</maml:para><maml:para>There are no operational differences in logon technologies between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no operational differences in logon technologies between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing Windows logon technologies</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with Windows logon technologies</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Logon configurations, including the use of customized logon scripts and smart card logon, can be set through the Local Group Policy Editor. </maml:para><maml:para>Credential Manager allows a user to link online IDs with a local or domain Windows account and can be configured through <maml:ui>User Accounts</maml:ui> in Control Panel.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Logon configurations, including the use of customized logon scripts and smart card logon, can be set through security policies. </maml:para><maml:para>Group Policy can be used to control credential management, logon appearance, and behavior. The <maml:ui>Network access: Do not allow storage of credentials or .NET Passports for network authentication</maml:ui> security policy setting now applies to Credential Manager and the Windows Vault and not Stored User Names and Passwords.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Help for user accounts and Credential Manager is available through Help and Support or from <maml:ui>User Accounts</maml:ui> in Control Panel.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about Windows logon technologies, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130255</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130255"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_ManagedAccounts">
<maml:title>Managed service accounts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Managed service accounts are domain accounts that offer automatic password management and simplified SPN management. Managed service accounts provide crucial applications such as SQL Server or Exchange with the isolation of their own accounts. This eliminates the need for an administrator to manually administer the service principal name (SPN) and credentials for these accounts, thereby enhancing security with little or no additional management.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about managed service accounts.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The managed service account is a new type of account that provides applications such as SQL Server or Exchange with:
</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para>Automatic password management, which can better isolate these services from other services on the computer.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Simplified SPN management, which allows service administrators to set SPNs on these accounts. In addition, SPN management can be delegated to other administrators.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Managed service accounts are supported only on client computers running Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 domains provide native support for both automatic password management and SPN management for managed service accounts. If the domain is running in Windows Server 2003 mode or Windows Server 2008 mode, additional configuration steps will be needed to support managed service accounts. This means that if the domain controller is on a computer running Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2003 and the Active Directory schema has been upgraded to support this feature, managed service accounts can be used and service account passwords will be managed automatically. However, the domain administrator using these server operating systems will still need to manually configure SPN data for managed service accounts.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing managed service accounts</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You must first install AD DS on a computer running Windows Server 2008 R2 and then perform additional configuration on the domain controllers.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with managed service accounts</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You can use Windows PowerShell to manage service accounts in AD DS.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You can use Windows PowerShell to manage service accounts in AD DS.</maml:para><maml:para>To use managed service accounts in Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003, or mixed-mode domain environments, the following schema changes must be applied:
</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>The service account schema must be applied at the forest level.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>The schema must be changed at the domain level to create the default Managed Service Account container.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>For more information about managed service accounts, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130214</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130214"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For information about user accounts and local groups: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Open <maml:ui>User Accounts</maml:ui> from Control Panel, and press F1 to view Help topics.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Add the Local Users and Groups snap-in to the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), and press F1 for Help (Lug.chm).</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list>
</maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about managing service accounts with PowerShell, see Managed Service Accounts (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143864</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143864"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para><maml:para>For more information about managed service accounts, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130214</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130214"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_Passwords">
<maml:title>Passwords</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows passwords are designed to be a form of secret authentication data used to control access to resources in a Windows environment. Password policies are set by the administrator of the computer or domain and affect password expiration, complexity, and length limits. Windows passwords can contain numerals, uppercase and lowercase letters, special characters, and spaces.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about passwords.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Vista.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Server 2008.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no operational differences in passwords between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing passwords</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with passwords</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You can create and reset passwords by using CTRL+ALT+DELETE or through <maml:ui>User Accounts</maml:ui> in Control Panel. </maml:para><maml:para>Use the Local Security Policy snap-in from the MMC to manage password policy settings: enforce a password history, maximum and minimum age, minimum length, use of complexity rules, and store passwords using reversible encryption.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Group Policy is used to set and maintain password security policies, and AD DS is used to maintain domain passwords.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Use Control Panel search to view administrative help for passwords.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about password management, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130257</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130257"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SA">
<maml:title>Security auditing</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Security auditing is a means to track security-related events on a computer or computer system by logging specified events. Security auditing helps you to monitor the creation or modification of objects, gives you a way to track potential security problems, helps to ensure user accountability, and provides evidence in the event of a security breach.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about Windows security auditing.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>"Reason for access" reporting provides the privileges on which the decision to allow or deny access to the object was based. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Global system access control lists (SACLs) can be applied to the file system or registry for an entire computer.</maml:para>
<maml:para>There are 53 new advanced audit policy settings that allow administrators to more specifically target the types of activities they want to audit and eliminate the unnecessary auditing activities that can make audit logs difficult to manage and decipher.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Support for "reason for access" reporting, global SACLs, and advanced auditing policy settings is available on computers running Windows 7 and Windows Vista.</maml:para><maml:para>There are no operational differences in security auditing between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Support for "reason for access" reporting, global SACLs, and advanced auditing policy settings is available on computers running Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008. </maml:para><maml:para> There are no operational differences in security auditing between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para><maml:para>The ability to configure and apply advanced audit policy settings via Group Policy is only available from domain controllers running Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing security auditing</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required, but security auditing requires configuration.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with advanced auditing</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You can manage the following tasks by using the Local Security Policy snap-in:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Define or modify auditing policy settings for an event category.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Apply or modify auditing policy settings for a local file or folder.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list><maml:para>To set auditing policies on local and domain computer objects, right-click the object, click <maml:ui>Properties</maml:ui>, click the <maml:ui>Security</maml:ui> tab, click <maml:ui>Advanced</maml:ui>, and then click the <maml:ui>Auditing</maml:ui> tab.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>In an environment with different Windows operating systems, detailed audit policies are managed through the use of various tools, including Auditpol.exe, scripts, AD DS, and Group Policy. For more information about security auditing, including detailed audit policies, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93806</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93806"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information on configuring and managing Group Policy objects (GPOs), see Group Policy Management Console (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143867</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143867"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Command-line Help (/?) is available for Auditpol. </maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para><maml:para>For more information about security auditing in an enterprise, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93806</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93806"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SC">
<maml:title>Security configuration and analysis</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in to analyze and configure local computer security. It presents recommendations alongside of current system settings and uses visual flags or remarks to highlight any areas where the current settings do not match the proposed level of security. It offers the ability to resolve any discrepancies that an analysis reveals and allows you to directly configure local system security through the import of security templates.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Vista.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Server 2008.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no operational differences in the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Because this snap-in uses the current security template as a basis for analysis, you must install the security template that is correct for your environment.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>From the MMC, add the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Only use Security Configuration and Analysis to configure security areas not affected by Group Policy settings, which will override the local settings. This includes areas such as security on local files and folders, registry keys, and system services.</maml:para><maml:para>Do not use Security Configuration and Analysis when you are configuring security for a domain or an organizational unit. Otherwise, you must configure each client individually. In that case, you can use the Security Templates snap-in to create a template and apply it to the appropriate GPO.</maml:para><maml:para>You can also use the Secedit command-line tool for some management tasks.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Command-line Help (/?) is available for Secedit.</maml:para><maml:para>For more information about Security Configuration and Analysis, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130259</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130259"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SCW">
<maml:title>Security Configuration Wizard</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Security Configuration Wizard (SCW) determines the minimum functionality required for a server's role or roles and disables functionality that is not required. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The wizard guides you through the process of creating, editing, applying, or rolling back a security policy based on the selected roles of the server. The security policies that are created with SCW are .xml files that, when applied, configure services, network security, specific registry values, and audit policy.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about SCW, which is not available in Windows 7.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No changes in functionality from Windows Server 2008.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no operational differences in SCW between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para><maml:para>SCW is used for server security configuration.</maml:para>
<maml:para>All applications that use the Internet Protocol (IP) and ports must be running on the server on which you run SCW.</maml:para>
<maml:para>SCW disables unnecessary services and provides Windows Firewall with Advanced Security support.</maml:para>
<maml:para>SCW does not install or uninstall the components necessary for the server to perform a role. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing SCW</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with SCW</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>SCW can be run independently from the command line (Scw.exe), from <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, or from Server Manager. The wizard guides you through the process of creating, editing, applying, or rolling back a security policy based on the selected roles of the server. Additionally, you can configure security policies by using the Scwcmd command-line tool.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To access Help (Scwhelp.chm) when you run SCW, press F1.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Command-line Help (/?) is available for Scwcmd.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about SCW, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130260</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=130260"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SecPolSet">
<maml:title>Security policy settings</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A security policy is a combination of security settings that affect the security on a computer. For example, security policy settings can control who accesses your computer, what resources users are authorized to use on your computer, and whether a user or group's actions are recorded in the event log.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about security policy settings.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no changes in the way security policies are applied. However, there are changes in the way security policies are configured as well as new security policies for Windows 7 that are applicable to earlier versions of Windows. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no changes in the way security policies are applied. However, there are changes in the way security policies are configured as well as new security policies for Windows Server 2008 R2 that are applicable to earlier versions of Windows. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Local security policies are applicable only to the computer on which they are configured.</maml:para><maml:para>There are no operational differences in security policies between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Most, but not all, security policy settings are backward compatible. You need to check each policy description to understand the effect of applying that security policy.</maml:para><maml:para>There are no operational differences in security policies between x86-based computers and x64-based computers.
</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing security policies</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required. You can customize existing security policy settings or create new ones.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with security policies</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>From the MMC, add the Local Group Policy Editor to edit the local GPOs stored on this computer.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Use the GPMC or the Local Group Policy Editor to do the following:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Configure existing security policy settings.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Create new security policy settings.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Propagate security policy settings.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security policy settings descriptions are located on the <maml:ui>Explain Text</maml:ui> tab for each setting.
</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security policy settings descriptions are located on the <maml:ui>Explain Text</maml:ui> tab for each setting.
</maml:para><maml:para>For more information about security policy management, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130265</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130265"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SecTmpl">
<maml:title>Security templates</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use the Security Templates snap-in to create security policies for servers deployed in new scenarios and to modify existing policies prior to deployment. With this snap-in, all security settings are available to configure individually. The policy created with a security template can be imported into a GPO to configure multiple servers or to configure a single server by using the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>There are no default security templates included with Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about security templates.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no changes or differences in creating or maintaining security templates from Windows Vista.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>There are no changes or differences in creating or maintaining security templates from Windows Server 2008.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security templates can be created by using the Security Templates snap-in and can be applied to this computer.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security templates can be created by using the Security Templates snap-in, installed by using Group Policy, and applied to either 32-bit or 64-bit Windows operating systems.</maml:para><maml:para>Some security settings within a security template may not be backward compatible with previous versions of Windows.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing security templates</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security templates are installed by using Group Policy and can be viewed by using the MMC.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security templates are installed by using Group Policy on Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, or Windows Server 2003.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with security templates</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Security templates can be created from the MMC by using the Security Templates snap-in and applied to this computer.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For procedural help with the following tasks, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130266</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130266"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para>Add security templates to the MMC. </maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Customize a predefined security template.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Define a security template.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Set a new security template path.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Create a Restricted Groups policy in a security template.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Apply a security template to local policy.</maml:para></maml:listItem><maml:listItem><maml:para>Import a security template to a GPO.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list><maml:para>The Security Configuration Wizard is the preferred method for creating and propagating a security profile for Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2003 SP1.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For procedural help, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130266</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130266"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For information about using security templates in your server security policy management design, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130268</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130268"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SCS">
<maml:title>Smart cards</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Smart cards are a tamper-resistant and portable way to provide security solutions for tasks such as client authentication, logging on to domains, code signing, and securing e-mail. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about Windows smart card technology.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Enhanced support for smart card–related Plug-and-Play and the Personal Identity Verification (PIV) standard means that users will be able to use smart cards from vendors who have published their driver that displays the Designed for Windows logo through Windows Update without having to deploy special middleware. Instead, these drivers will be downloaded to the host in the same way as drivers for other devices in Windows. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Smart cards and smart card readers require additional purchase, installation, and administration. </maml:para><maml:para>Enhanced support for smart card–related Plug-and-Play and the PIV standard is only available on computers running Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing smart cards</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Smart card reader installation should follow manufacturer instructions. Certificate issuance is required.</maml:para><maml:para> For PIV-compliant smart cards, when inserted into a smart card reader, Windows will first attempt to download the driver from Windows Update. If an appropriate driver is not available from Windows Update, a PIV-compliant mini-driver that is included with the operating system is used for these cards.
</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with smart cards</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Management is handled through certificate enrollment, Group Policy, and management tools provided by your hardware manufacturer.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For information about Windows implementation of smart cards, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93851</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=93851"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For information about smart card enrollment, see the Certification Authority snap-in Help (Certsvr.chm) through the MMC.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For development information for smart card credential providers for your environment, see the MSDN Library.</maml:para>
</maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry>
</maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_TPM">
<maml:title>Trusted Platform Module Management</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Services is a feature that is used to administer the TPM security hardware in a computer. The TPM Services architecture provides the infrastructure for hardware-based security by providing access to and assuring application-level sharing of a TPM.
</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about TPM management and administration.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>You can now reset the TPM lockout from within TPM Management.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>The following are requirements for using TPM:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>An operational TPM microchip, version 1.2.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A Trusted Computing Group (TCG)-compliant BIOS that is operational.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing TPM</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>If your computer has an operational TPM microchip, no further installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing TPM</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The TPM Management console is an MMC snap-in that allows the computer administrator to configure and administer TPM Services.
</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>The TPM Administration Help (TPMAdmin.chm) can be accessed through the TPM Administration MMC snap-in by pressing F1. For technical information about TPM Administration, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130273</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130273"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_VirtualAccounts">
<maml:title>Virtual accounts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Virtual accounts are local service accounts that do not require password management.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about virtual accounts.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>A virtual account is a new type of local service account that does not require password management. A virtual account is separate from the Local Service, Local System, and Network Service accounts. It uses the computer's account and credentials when it needs network access in a domain environment.
</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Virtual accounts can be used only on computers running Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing these accounts</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>No installation is required.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para><maml:para>To configure virtual accounts for IIS application pools, the Web Server (IIS) server role must be installed on the server.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with virtual accounts</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Open the Services snap-in console from <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui> to configure a service to use a virtual account. </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>To configure a service to use a virtual account, open the Services snap-in console from <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>.</maml:para><maml:para>To configure an IIS application pool to use a virtual account, open the Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager from <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For more information about managed service accounts, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130214</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130214"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_SysInternals">
<maml:title>Windows Sysinternals</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Sysinternals are downloadable utilities to help you manage, troubleshoot, and diagnose your Windows systems and applications. The security utilities contain configuration and management utilities, including programs to detect rootkits and spyware.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The following table provides additional information about Windows Sysinternals.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Topics</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows 7</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Changes in functionality</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Sysinternals utilities are updated as needed.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hardware and software considerations</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Utilities can be used on versions of Windows that are specified on the download page.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Installing Windows Sysinternals security utilities</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Sysinternals utilities are downloadable and licensed tools. Installation and operating instructions are included with the download.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Managing security with Windows Sysinternals</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Each utility has separate operation documentation.</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Additional references </maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>For all the utilities, documentation, and discussions, see Windows Sysinternals (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130295</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=130295"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Same as Windows 7.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Application Server Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Application Server provides an integrated environment for deploying and running custom business applications that are built with the Microsoft® .NET Framework version 3.0. When you install the Application Server role, you can select services that support applications that are designed to use COM+, Message Queuing, Web services, and distributed transactions.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Application Server provides information technology (IT) professionals and developers with the following benefits:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A core runtime that supports effective deployment and management of high-performance business applications</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The .NET Framework development environment that delivers a simplified programming model and a high-performance execution model for server-based applications</maml:para>
<maml:para>The .NET Framework enables Web services, and it integrates new applications with existing applications and infrastructure.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A user-friendly installation wizard that provides choices for the various role services and features that you need to run applications in your organization</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Installation functionality that automatically installs the features for a given role service</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>For information about the Application Server role, see Application Server (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=48544</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=48544"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about the Application Server role, the required and optional features in the Application Server role, and hardware and software used for running the Application Server role. At the end of this topic, learn how to open the interfaces for the Application Server role and how to find more information about the Application Server role.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is the Application Server role?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Application Server is an expanded server role in the Windows Server® 2008 operating system. The new version of Application Server provides an integrated environment for deploying and running custom server-based business applications. This environment simplifies the process of deploying applications that respond to requests that arrive over the network from remote client computers or from other applications. Typically, applications that are deployed on Application Server take advantage of one or more of the following technologies: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Internet Information Services (IIS) (the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server that is built into Windows Server)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft .NET Framework versions 3.0 and 2.0</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>ASP.NET</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>COM+</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS DTC)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Message Queuing</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Web services that are built with Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>The Application Server role is useful when Windows Server 2008 runs applications that depend on services or features that are part of the integrated Application Server role. You select the appropriate services or features when you install the Application Server role. For example, you might install a specific configuration of Microsoft BizTalk® Server that uses one or more of the services or features that are part of the Application Server environment. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Typically, the Application Server role is valuable when you are deploying a business application that requires specific role services, as indicated by the developer of the application. For example, your organization may have an order processing application that accesses customer records that are stored in a database. The application accesses the customer records through a set of WCF Web services. In this case, because WCF is part of the .NET Framework 3.0—which is a feature of Application Server—you can use Application Server to deploy and configure WCF on any computer where you want your order processing application to run, and you can install the database on the same computer or on a different computer. For more information about WCF, see What is Windows Communication Foundation? (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81260</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81260"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
<maml:para>Not every server application requires the installation of the Application Server role to run properly. For example, the Application Server role is not required to support Microsoft Exchange Server or Microsoft SQL Server™ on Windows Server 2008.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To determine if the Application Server role is required for your organization's business applications, have your administrators work closely with the application's developers to understand the requirements of the application, for example, whether it uses the .NET Framework 3.0 or COM+ components.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in the Application Server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The following features are part of the Application Server role and, except for the default features, they are selected by the administrator during role installation.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Application Server Foundation</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Application Server Foundation is the group of technologies that are installed by default when you install the Application Server role. Essentially, the Application Server Foundation is the .NET Framework 3.0. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 includes the .NET Framework 2.0, regardless of any server role that is installed. The .NET Framework 2.0 contains the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which provides a code-execution environment that promotes safe execution of code, simplified code deployment, and support for interoperability of multiple languages, as well as extensive libraries for building applications. </maml:para>
<maml:para>At a high level, the .NET Framework 3.0 consists of these basic components:</maml:para>
<maml:para>The .NET Framework</maml:para>
<maml:para>WCF</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)</maml:para>
<maml:para>The Application Server Foundation adds the .NET Framework 3.0 features to the baseline .NET Framework 2.0 features. For more information about the .NET Framework 3.0, see .NET Framework Developer Center (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81263</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81263"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Web Server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Selecting this option during Application Server installation adds IIS version 7.0, the Web server that is built into Windows Server 2008. IIS has been available in Windows Server for many years, but it has been revised significantly for Windows Server 2008 to provide improvements in performance, security, management, supportability, reliability, and modularity.</maml:para>
<maml:para>IIS provides the following benefits:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>IIS enables Application Server to host internal or external Web sites or services with static or dynamic content.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>IIS provides support for ASP.NET applications that are accessed from a Web browser.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>IIS provides support for Web services that are built with WCF or ASP.NET.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>COM+ Network Access</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Selecting this option during Application Server installation adds COM+ Network Access for remote invocation of application components that are built on and hosted in COM+. Such application components are also sometimes called Enterprise Services components. </maml:para>
<maml:para>COM+ Network Access is a remote invocation capability that has been supported in Windows Server since Windows 2000 Server, and it continues to be supported in Windows Server 2008. Newer applications typically use WCF to support remote invocation because WCF provides loose coupling, which makes integrated systems less dependent on each other, and interoperability across multiple platforms.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Windows Process Activation Service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Selecting this option during installation of the Application Server role adds Windows Process Activation Service (WAS). WAS is the new process activation mechanism for Windows Vista® and the Windows Server 2008 operating systems. WAS retains the familiar IIS 6.0 process model (application pools and message-based process activation) and hosting features (such as rapid failure protection, health monitoring, and recycling), but it removes the dependency on HTTP from the activation architecture. IIS 7.0 uses WAS to accomplish message-based activation over HTTP. WCF can also use the non-HTTP protocols that are supported by WAS, such as TCP, Message Queuing, and Named Pipes—in addition to HTTP—to provide message-based activation. This makes it possible for applications that use communication protocols to take advantage of IIS features, such as process recycling, rapid fail protection, and the common configuration system, that were previously available only to HTTP-based applications.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Net.TCP Port Sharing</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Net.TCP Port Sharing is a new service in Windows Server 2008. Selecting this option during Application Server installation adds the Net.TCP Port Sharing Service. This role service makes it possible for multiple applications to use a single TCP port for incoming communications. For example, multiple applications in a service-oriented architecture (SOA) that is built with WCF can share the same port. Sharing ports is often a requirement when firewall configurations or network restrictions allow only a limited number of open ports or when multiple, distinct instances of a WCF application must be running and available at the same time. </maml:para>
<maml:para>So that multiple WCF applications can share ports (also known as multiplexing), the Net.TCP Port Sharing Service performs multiplexing. The Net.TCP Port Sharing Service accepts incoming connection requests using TCP. The service then forwards incoming requests automatically to the various WCF services based on the target addresses of the requests. Port sharing works only when the WCF applications use the net.tcp protocol for incoming communications. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Distributed Transactions</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Distributed transaction support has been in Windows Server since Microsoft Windows NT® Server 4.0, and this support continues in Windows Server 2008. Applications that connect to and perform updates on multiple databases or other transactional resources may require that these updates are performed with "all-or-none" transactional semantics—a technology that ensures that every part of the transaction is complete or the whole transaction is rolled back to its original state. These databases and transactional resources may be on a single computer or distributed across a network. The MS DTC in Windows Server 2008 provides these transactional semantics. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Application Server role has no special hardware or software requirements beyond the requirements for running Windows Server 2008. However, your applications that run in the Application Server environment may have their own requirements for processing power, memory, or disc space. Work with the developers who provide the applications to identify these requirements.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing the Application Server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, a list of initial configuration tasks appears. Use the following procedure to install the Application Server role using the Add Roles Wizard. </maml:para>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To install the Application Server role</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, point to <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Server Manager</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>If the <maml:ui>User Account Control</maml:ui> dialog box appears, confirm that the action it displays is what you want, and then click <maml:ui>Yes</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>Action</maml:ui> menu, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>The <maml:ui>Add Roles Wizard</maml:ui> appears. Click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>Select Server Roles</maml:ui> page, click the <maml:ui>Application Server</maml:ui> check box.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the <maml:ui>Add Features Required for Application Server?</maml:ui> dialog box, click <maml:ui>Add Required Features</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Information about the Application Server role appears. Familiarize yourself with the information, and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>Select Role Services</maml:ui> page, select the role services that are necessary to run your applications (for example, <maml:ui>Web Server (IIS) Support</maml:ui> for hosting Web sites, or <maml:ui>Distributed Transactions</maml:ui>, if your applications need remote transactions capability), and then click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui>. Application Server Foundation, the default role service, is always installed as a part of the Application Server role.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>Work with the developer who created the application to identify the role services that are necessary to run the application. </maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>Some role services require the installation of supporting features or role services from other roles. If this is the case, you have the option to install or not install the required features or role services.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>If the installation of a supporting feature or role service from another role is required, the next pages provide important information about the feature or set of features. Click <maml:ui>Next</maml:ui> to proceed to the <maml:ui>Confirm Installation Options </maml:ui>page. </maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Install</maml:ui> to begin installing the Application Server role with the options that appear on the page. The installation process can be lengthy, depending on the role services that you select. After the installation process starts, input from the operator is not necessary. When the installation process is finished, the status of the installation appears on the <maml:ui>Installation Results</maml:ui> page.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing the Application Server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Installing the Application Server role does not install a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in. You can manage the Application Server role through Server Manager.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about the Application Server role, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, search for appserver.chm on your computer, and then open it.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about the Application Server role, see topics for Windows Server 2008 on the Web: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>What's New in Application Server in Windows Server 2008 (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=88958</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=88958"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Server Core Installation Option Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 is an option for installing Windows Server 2008. This option includes various updates and new features for Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is a Server Core installation?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 provides a minimal environment for running specific server roles, which reduces the servicing and management requirements, as well as the attack surface for those server roles. Unlike other installations, a Server Core installation does not include the traditional full user interface.</maml:para>
<maml:para>A server running a Server Core installation supports the following server roles:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Active Directory Domain Services</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>DHCP Server</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>DNS Server</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>File Services (including File Server Resource Manager in Windows Server 2008 R2)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Hyper-V</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Print Services</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Web Server (IIS) (including a subset of ASP.NET in Windows Server 2008 R2).</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>In addition, the Active Directory Certificate Services server role is available in Server Core installations of Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>This list of roles may have been updated since this content was published. To check for updates, see the Windows Server 2008 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=95301</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=95301"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>In addition, Server Core installations support the following optional features:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Bitlocker Drive Encryption</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Failover Clustering</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Multipath I/O</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Network Load Balancing</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Removable Storage (not available for Windows Server 2008 R2)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Subsystem for UNIX-based applications</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Telnet client</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows Server Backup</maml:para>
</maml:listItem></maml:list>
<maml:para>In addition, the following features are available in Server Core installations of Windows Server 2008 R2:</maml:para><maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>A subset of .NET Framework 2.0</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>A subset of .NET Framework 3.0 and .NET Framework 3.5</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows PowerShell</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Server Manager</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Best Practices Analyzer</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows 32-bit on Windows 64-bit (WoW64)</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>Failover Clustering is not available in Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in a Server Core installation</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A server running a Server Core installation includes only the subset of the binary files that are required by the above server roles. For example, the Windows shell (Explorer.exe) is not included in Server Core installations. Instead, the default user interface for a server running a Server Core installation is the command prompt.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional resources</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about Server Core installations, you can view Help on your server. To do this, search for and then double-click <maml:ui>servercore.chm</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more detailed information about working with Server Core installations, including instructions for installing and removing server roles and features, see the step-by-step guide (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82146</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82146"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Active Directory Domain Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using the Active Directory® Domain Services (AD DS) server role, you can create a scalable, secure, and manageable infrastructure for user and resource management, and you can provide support for directory-enabled applications, such as Microsoft® Exchange Server. </maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about AD DS, features in AD DS, and software and hardware considerations. For more information about planning, deploying, and operating the AD DS server role, see Active Directory Domain Services (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=48547</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=48547"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is the AD DS server role?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>AD DS provides a distributed database that stores and manages information about network resources and application-specific data from directory-enabled applications. Administrators can use AD DS to organize elements of a network, such as users, computers, and other devices, into a hierarchical containment structure. The hierarchical containment structure includes the Active Directory forest, domains in the forest, and organizational units (OUs) in each domain. A server that is running AD DS is called a domain controller.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Organizing network elements into a hierarchical containment structure provides the following benefits:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The forest acts as a security boundary for an organization and defines the scope of authority for administrators. By default, a forest contains a single domain, which is known as the forest root domain.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Additional domains can be created in the forest to provide partitioning of AD DS data, which enables organizations to replicate data only where it is needed. This makes it possible for AD DS to scale globally over a network that has limited available bandwidth. An Active Directory domain also supports a number of other core functions that are related to administration, including network-wide user identity, authentication, and trust relationships.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>OUs simplify the delegation of authority to facilitate the management of large numbers of objects. Through delegation, owners can transfer full or limited authority over objects to other users or groups. Delegation is important because it helps to distribute the management of large numbers of objects to a number of people who are trusted to perform management tasks.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in AD DS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Security is integrated with AD DS through logon authentication and access control to resources in the directory. With a single network logon, administrators can manage directory data and organization throughout their network. Authorized network users can also use a single network logon to access resources anywhere in the network. Policy-based administration eases the management of even the most complex network.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Additional AD DS features include the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A set of rules, the schema, that defines the classes of objects and attributes that are contained in the directory, the constraints and limits on instances of these objects, and the format of their names. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A global catalog that contains information about every object in the directory. Users and administrators can use the global catalog to find directory information, regardless of which domain in the directory actually contains the data. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A query and index mechanism, so that objects and their properties can be published and found by network users or applications. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A replication service that distributes directory data across a network. All writable domain controllers in a domain participate in replication and contain a complete copy of all directory information for their domain. Any change to directory data is replicated to all domain controllers in the domain. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Operations master roles (also known as flexible single master operations or FSMO). Domain controllers that hold operations master roles are designated to perform specific tasks to ensure consistency and eliminate conflicting entries in the directory.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Identity Management for UNIX</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Identity Management for UNIX is a role service of AD DS that can be installed only on domain controllers. Two Identity Management for UNIX technologies, Server for NIS and Password Synchronization, make it easier to integrate computers running Microsoft Windows® into your existing UNIX enterprise. AD DS administrators can use Server for NIS to manage Network Information Service (NIS) domains. Password Synchronization automatically synchronizes passwords between Windows and UNIX operating systems.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>New AD DS features in this version of Windows Server 2008</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This version of Windows Server includes the new AD DS features that are described in the following table.</maml:para>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Feature</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Description</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Administrative Center</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Administrative Center provides users and network administrators with an improved data management experience and a rich graphical user interface (GUI) to perform common Active Directory object management tasks. Built on Windows PowerShell™ technology, Active Directory Administrative Center makes it possible for users and network administrators to administer directory service objects through both data-driven navigation and task-oriented navigation.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory module for Windows PowerShell</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>The Active Directory module for Windows PowerShell is a command-line interface that administrators can use to configure and diagnose all instances of Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) and Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) in their environments.</maml:para>
<maml:para>This feature includes a set of Windows PowerShell cmdlets and a provider. The provider exposes the Active Directory database through a hierarchical navigation system, which is very similar to the file system. As with drives in a file system (C:, D:), you can connect Windows PowerShell drives to Active Directory domains and AD LDS instances, as well as Active Directory snapshots.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Recycle Bin</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Recycle Bin minimizes directory service downtime by improving the ability to preserve and restore accidentally deleted Active Directory objects without having to restore Active Directory data from backups, restart AD DS, or restart domain controllers. When Active Directory Recycle Bin is enabled, all link-valued and non-link-valued attributes of the deleted objects are preserved and the objects are restored in their entirety to the same consistent logical state that they were in immediately before deletion. For example, restored user accounts automatically regain all group memberships and corresponding access rights that they had within and across domains immediately before deletion. Active Directory Recycle Bin is functional for both AD DS and AD LDS environments.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Active Directory Recycle Bin requires the Windows Server 2008 R2 forest functional level, and it is disabled by default. To enable it, you can use Ldp.exe or the Windows PowerShell <maml:computerOutputInline>Enable-ADOptionalFeature</maml:computerOutputInline> cmdlet. </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Web Services (ADWS)</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ADWS is a Windows service that provides a Web service interface to AD DS and AD LDS directory service instances and to Active Directory snapshots that are running on the same Windows Server 2008 R2 server as ADWS. ADWS is installed automatically when you add the AD DS or AD LDS server roles to your Windows Server 2008 R2 server.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Authentication Mechanism Assurance</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Authentication Mechanism Assurance packages information about the type of logon method (smart card or user name/password) that is used to authenticate domain users inside each user’s Kerberos token. When this feature is enabled in a network environment that has deployed a federated identity management infrastructure, such as Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), the information in the token can then be extracted whenever a user attempts to access any claims-aware application that has been developed to determine authorization based on a user’s logon method. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Authentication Mechanism Assurance requires the Windows Server 2008 R2 domain functional level.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Offline domain join</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>An offline domain join is a new process that computers running Windows® 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 can use to join a domain. The offline domain join process can complete the domain join operation without network connectivity.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing the AD DS server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, you can use Initial Configuration Tasks or Server Manager to install server roles. To install the AD DS server role, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui> to start the Add Roles Wizard, and then click <maml:ui>Active Directory Domain Services</maml:ui>. Follow the steps in the Add Roles Wizard to install the files for the AD DS server role. After you complete the Add Roles Wizard, click the link to start the Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Follow the steps in the Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard to complete the installation and configuration of your domain controller. Most wizard pages have a Help link for more information about the settings that you can configure. </maml:para>
<maml:para>To automate domain controller installations, you can use an answer file or you can specify unattended installation parameters at the command line. For more information about installing AD DS, see the AD DS Installation and Removal Step-by-Step Guide (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=110897</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=110897"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing the AD DS server role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can manage server roles with Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins. To manage a domain controller (that is, a server that is running AD DS), click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then double-click the appropriate snap-in: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>To manage Active Directory objects by using the newest GUI tool, with improved options for viewing and managing Active Directory data, click <maml:ui>Active Directory Administrative Center</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>To manage Active Directory objects by using a predefined set of Windows PowerShell cmdlets and a provider, click <maml:ui>Active Directory Module for Windows PowerShell</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage user and computer accounts, click <maml:ui>Active Directory Users and Computers</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage Active Directory trusts, functional levels, and forest-wide operations master roles, click <maml:ui>Active Directory Domains and Trusts</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage Active Directory sites and site links, click <maml:ui>Active Directory Sites and Services</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>As an alternative, you can double-click the appropriate snap-in on the <maml:ui>Active Directory Domain Services</maml:ui> page in Server Manager.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Experienced programmers and system administrators can manage the Active Directory schema, but the Active Directory Schema snap-in is not installed by default. In addition, the Schmmgmt.dll file must be registered before the snap-in can be installed. </maml:para>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To install the Active Directory Schema snap-in</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, right-click <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Run as administrator</maml:ui>. </maml:para>
<maml:para>If the <maml:ui>User Account Control</maml:ui> dialog box appears, confirm that the action it displays is what you want, and then click <maml:ui>Yes</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>At the command prompt, type the following command, and then press ENTER:</maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:codeInline>regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll</maml:codeInline></maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui> to close the dialog box that confirms that the operation succeeded.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>, type <maml:userInput>mmc</maml:userInput>, and then click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>If the <maml:ui>User Account Control</maml:ui> dialog box appears, confirm that the action it displays is what you want, and then click <maml:ui>Yes</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>On the <maml:ui>File</maml:ui> menu, click <maml:ui>Add/Remove Snap-in</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Under <maml:ui>Available snap-ins</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Active Directory Schema</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Add</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>To save this console, on the <maml:ui>File</maml:ui> menu, click <maml:ui>Save</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>In the <maml:ui>Save As</maml:ui> dialog box, do one of the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To place the snap-in on the <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui> menu, in <maml:ui>File name</maml:ui>, type a name for the snap-in, and then click <maml:ui>Save</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To save the snap-in to a location other than the Administrative Tools folder, in <maml:ui>Save in</maml:ui>, navigate to a location for the snap-in. In <maml:ui>File name</maml:ui>, type a name for the snap-in, and then click <maml:ui>Save</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
<maml:alertSet class="caution"><maml:title>Caution </maml:title>
<maml:para>Modifying the schema is an advanced operation that is best performed by experienced programmers and system administrators. For detailed information about modifying the schema, see Active Directory Schema (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=8273</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=8273"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about the AD DS server role, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open one of the snap-ins that are described in the previous section and then press F1, or search for and then double-click the appropriate Help file:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in, see Domadmin.chm.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about the Active Directory Domains and Trusts snap-in, see Dsadmin.chm.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about the Active Directory Sites and Services snap-in, see Dssite.chm.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about the Active Directory Schema snap-in, see Schmmgmt.chm.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>For more information about the AD DS server role, see topics for Windows Server 2008 on the Web: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Active Directory Domain Services (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=48547</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=48547"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>DHCP Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>When you deploy Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers on your network, you can automatically provide client computers and other TCP/IP based network devices with valid IP addresses. You can also provide the additional configuration parameters these clients and devices need, called DHCP options, that allow them to connect to other network resources, such as DNS servers, WINS servers, and routers.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What a DHCP server can provide</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>DHCP is a client-server technology that allows DHCP servers to assign, or lease, IP addresses to computers and other devices that are enabled as DHCP clients. With DHCP, you can do the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Lease IP addresses for a specific amount of time to DHCP clients, and then automatically renew the IP addresses when the client requests a renewal.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Update DHCP client parameters automatically by changing a server or scope option at the DHCP server rather than performing this action individually on all DHCP clients.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Reserve IP addresses for specific computers or other devices so that they always have the same IP address and also receive the most up-to-date DHCP options.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Exclude IP addresses or address ranges from distribution by the DHCP server so that these IP addresses and ranges can be used to statically configure servers, routers, and other devices that require static IP addresses.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Provide DHCP services to many subnets, if all routers between the DHCP server and the subnet for which you want to provide service are configured to forward DHCP messages.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure the DHCP server to perform DNS name registration services for DHCP clients.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Provide multicast address assignment for IP-based DHCP clients.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Components of a DHCP server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The primary components of DHCP allow you to deploy a DHCP server and a Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP) server.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>MADCAP is supported in IPv4 only. The DHCPv6 server does not support MADCAP.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>DHCP server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>All computers and other devices on your TCP/IP network must have an IP address in order for the network to function properly. IP addresses can be configured manually at each computer, or you can deploy a DHCP server that automatically assigns IP address leases to all DHCP clients on the network. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Most client operating systems seek an IP address lease by default, so no configuration on the client computer is necessary to implement a DHCP enabled network; the first step is to deploy a DHCP server.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Before your DHCP server can provide IP address leases to clients, however, a range of IP addresses must be defined at the DHCP server. This range, known as a scope, defines a single physical subnet on your network to which DHCP services are offered. So, for example, if you have two subnets, your DHCP server must be connected to each subnet and you must define a scope for each subnet. Scopes also provide the primary way for the server to manage distribution and assignment of IP addresses and any related configuration parameters to clients on the network.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>MADCAP server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>When you deploy DHCP as a MADCAP server, the DHCP server can dynamically assign multicast IP addresses to clients that want to join the group of clients that receive the information sent in the multicast messages.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Multicasting is useful for the point-to-multipoint delivery of information, such as audio or video information, on an internetwork. Multicasting allows one point, such as a media server, to send the information in a single packet to many recipients by using a multicast address. </maml:para>
<maml:para>The advantages of this method are the use of a single packet and no overhead for keeping lists of recipients. Unlike broadcast packets, multicast traffic does not disturb those nodes who are not listening for it. Routers can be multicast-capable and forward the multicast packet to all networks where there is at least one node listening.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing a DHCP server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The primary tools that you use to manage DHCP servers are the Netsh commands for DHCP and the DHCP console.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Netsh commands for DHCP</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can type the Netsh commands for DHCP in a command prompt window at the <maml:ui>netsh dhcp></maml:ui> command prompt, or you can run the Netsh commands for DHCP in batch files and other scripts. All of the functionality that is available in the DHCP console is available at the <maml:ui>netsh dhcp></maml:ui> command prompt. This can be useful in the following situations:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>When managing DHCP servers in wide area networks (WANs), commands can be used in interactive mode at the <maml:ui>netsh></maml:ui> command prompt to better manage across slow-speed network links.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>When managing a large number of DHCP servers, commands can be used in batch mode to help script and automate recurring administrative tasks that need to be performed for all DHCP servers.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>DHCP console</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The DHCP console is added to the Administrative Tools folder in Control Panel when you install the DHCP server role. The DHCP console appears as a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The DHCP console also contains enhancements that were suggested by network managers. These include enhanced server performance monitoring, more predefined DHCP option types, dynamic update support for clients running earlier versions of Windows, and the detection of unauthorized DHCP servers on your network.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Common Administrative Tasks for DHCP</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you install a DHCP server, you can use the DHCP console or the Netsh commands for DHCP to perform these basic administrative server tasks:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="ordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Create scopes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add and configure superscopes and multicast scopes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>View and modify properties for scopes, such as setting additional exclusion ranges.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Activate scopes, multicast scopes, or superscopes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Monitor scope leasing activity by reviewing the active leases for each scope.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Create reservations in scopes as needed for DHCP clients that require a permanent IP address for leased use.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>In addition, you can also use the DHCP console or the Netsh commands for DHCP to perform the following optional or advanced setup tasks:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add new custom default option types.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add and configure any user or vendor-defined option classes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Further configure other server properties, such as audit logging or boot protocol (BOOTP) tables.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>Superscopes are supported only in IPv4. The DHCPv6 server does not support superscopes.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For More Information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For updated detailed IT pro information about DHCP, see the Windows Server® 2008 documentation on the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Microsoft TechNet</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=108876"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> Web site.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Remote Server Administration Tools Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To ease remote server management, Microsoft has included a remote administration tools pack with Windows Server® 2008 R2.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can install the Remote Server Administration Tools pack on computers running the Windows Server 2008 R2 operating system, and use the Remote Server Administration Tools pack to manage computers running either Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, or for some tools, Windows Server 2003.</maml:para></maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is the Remote Server Administration Tools pack?</maml:title>
<maml:introduction><maml:para>The Remote Server Administration Tools pack is a feature available with Windows Server 2008 R2 that enables remote management of Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2003 from a computer running Windows Server 2008 R2, by allowing you to open and run management tools and snap-ins to manage roles, role services, or features on a remote computer.</maml:para>
<maml:para>As with other management tools included with Windows Server 2008 R2, Remote Server Administration Tools are secure by default. The default Remote Server Administration Tools configuration opens only those ports and enables only those services required for remote management to work.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about roles, role services, and features in Windows Server 2008 R2, see the topic "Roles, Role Services, and Features" in the Server Manager Help.</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Roles and features you can manage with Remote Server Administration Tools</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Management tools for the following roles and features are available in Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Remote Server Administration Tools for roles</maml:title>
<maml:introduction><maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>This list of roles may have been updated since this content was published. To check for updates, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=122006</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
<maml:table><maml:tableHeader><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Remote Server Administration Tools role</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Description</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Active Directory Certificate Services Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Active Directory Certificate Services Tools includes the Certification Authority, Certificate Templates, Enterprise PKI, and Online Responder Management snap-ins.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) and Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Domain Services includes Active Directory Users and Computers, Active Directory Domains and Trusts, Active Directory Sites and Services, Active Directory Administrative Center, Server for NIS tools, the Active Directory Windows PowerShell provider and cmdlets, and other snap-ins and command-line tools for remotely managing Active Directory Domain Services.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Tools includes Active Directory Sites and Services, ADSI Edit, Schema Manager, and other snap-ins and command-line tools for managing Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) Tools includes the Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DHCP Server Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DHCP Server Tools includes the DHCP snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DNS Server Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DNS Server Tools includes the DNS Manager snap-in and dnscmd.exe command-line tool.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Fax Server Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Fax Server Tools includes the Fax Service Manager snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>File Services Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>File Services Tools include the following: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Distributed File System Tools includes the DFS Management snap-in, and the dfsradmin.exe, dfsrdiag.exe, dfscmd.exe, dfsdiag.exe, and dfsutil.exe command-line tools.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>File Server Resource Manager Tools includes the File Server Resource Manager snap-in, and the filescrn.exe and storrept.exe command-line tools.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Services for Network File System Tools includes the Network File System snap-in, and the nfsadmin.exe, showmount.exe, and rpcinfo.exe command-line tools.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Hyper-V™ Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Hyper-V Tools includes the Hyper-V Manager snap-in and other tools for managing Hyper-V.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Network Policy and Access Services Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Network Policy and Access Services Tools includes the Routing and Remote Access and Health Registration Authority snap-ins.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Print and Document Services Tools</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Print and Document Services Tools includes the Print Management snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Remote Desktop Services Tools</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Remote Desktop Services Tools includes the RemoteApp Manager, RD Gateway Manager, and RD Licensing Manager snap-ins.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered"><maml:listItem><maml:para>RD Connection Broker Tools includes the RemoteApp and Desktop Connection Manager snap-ins.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Web Server (IIS) Tools</maml:para></maml:entry>
<maml:entry><maml:para>Web Server (IIS) Tools includes the Internet Information Services (IIS) 6.0 Manager and IIS Manager snap-ins.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Deployment Services Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Deployment Services Tools includes the Windows Deployment Services snap-in, wdsutil.exe command-line tool, and Remote Install extension for the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Remote Server Administration Tools for features</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>This list of features may have been updated since this content was published. To check for updates, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=122006</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
<maml:table><maml:tableHeader><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Remote Server Administration Tools feature</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Description</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>BitLocker Drive Encryption Administration Utilities</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>BitLocker Drive Encryption Administration Utilities includes the manage-bde.wsf script, and the BitLocker Active Directory Recovery Password Viewer.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>BITS Server Extensions Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>BITS Server Extensions Tools includes the Internet Information Services (IIS) 6.0 Manager and IIS Manager snap-ins.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Failover Clustering Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Failover Clustering Tools includes the Failover Cluster Manager snap-in and the cluster.exe command-line tool.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>Network Load Balancing Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Network Load Balancing Tools includes the Network Load Balancing Manager snap-in, and the nlb.exe and wlbs.exe command-line tools.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>SMTP Server Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>SMTP Server Tools includes the Internet Information Services (IIS) 6.0 Manager snap-in.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para>WINS Server Tools</maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para>Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Server Tools includes the WINS snap-in.</maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:table></maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing Remote Server Administration Tools</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>You must either be a member of the Administrators group on the server on which you want to install the Remote Server Administration Tools pack, or you must be logged on to the computer using the built-in Administrator account. Additionally, if you are installing Remote Server Administration Tools by using the command-line interface, you must open the Command Prompt window with elevated privileges.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>You can install Remote Server Administration Tools in one of the following ways.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Add Features Wizard. Commands that open the Add Features Wizard are found in three locations.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Server Manager. Server Manager opens by default when the Initial Configuration Tasks window is closed, or you can open it by clicking Server Manager on the <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui> menu.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Initial Configuration Tasks. The Initial Configuration Tasks window opens by default after starting a computer running Windows Server 2008.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Control Panel. Open <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>, open <maml:ui>Programs and Features</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Turn Windows features on or off</maml:ui>. A command in the Server Manager home page opens the Add Features Wizard.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Windows PowerShell. To install Remote Server Administration Tools by using Windows PowerShell, see the topic see the topic "Installing the Remote Server Administration Tools pack" in the Remote Server Administration Tools help. The Windows PowerShell cmdlet set for Server Manager can be used either to install or remove Remote Server Administration Tools.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Server Manager command line. To install Remote Server Administration Tools by using the Server Manager command line, see the topic "Installing the Remote Server Administration Tools pack" in the Remote Server Administration Tools help. Because of security restrictions imposed by User Account Control, you must open the Command Prompt with elevated privileges by right-clicking the <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui> executable, or the <maml:ui>Command Prompt</maml:ui> object on the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> menu, and then clicking <maml:ui>Run as administrator</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>When you install tools for specific roles, role services, and features within Remote Server Administration Tools, you install only a set of snap-ins and tools for remote management of those roles, role services, and features installed on other computers. Installing Remote Server Administration Tools does not install any roles or features on the local computer.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing with Remote Server Administration Tools</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To manage roles, role services, or features on remote computers by using Remote Server Administration Tools, you must specify in the snap-in or management tool the name of the computer on which the role, role service, or feature that you want to manage is installed. Typically, in a snap-in, you can specify the remote computer by clicking the <maml:ui>Connect to another computer</maml:ui> command in the <maml:ui>Actions</maml:ui> pane, or on the <maml:ui>Action</maml:ui> menu.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For More Information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about Remote Server Administration Tools, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, search for and then double-click RSAT.chm to open it. RSAT.chm is typically stored in %<maml:replaceable>windir</maml:replaceable>%\Help\mui\0409.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about Remote Server Administration Tools and managing roles, role services, and features by using their remote administration tools, see the <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2008 R2 TechCenter</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink> (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=122006</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=122006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Windows Performance Monitor Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Performance Monitor is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that provides tools for analyzing system performance. From a single console, you can monitor application and hardware performance in real time, specify which data you want to collect in logs, define thresholds for alerts and automatic actions, generate reports, and view past performance data in a variety of ways.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Performance Monitor combines the functionality of previous stand-alone tools including Performance Logs and Alerts (PLA), Server Performance Advisor (SPA), and System Monitor. It provides a graphical interface for the customization of Data Collector Sets and Event Trace Sessions.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Performance Monitor consists of two monitoring tools: Resource Monitor and Performance Monitor. Data collection and logging is performed using Data Collector Sets.</maml:para>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To start Windows Performance Monitor</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, in the <maml:ui>Start Search</maml:ui> box, type <maml:computerOutputInline>perfmon</maml:computerOutputInline>, and then press ENTER.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Resource Monitor</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The home page of Windows Performance Monitor is the Resource View screen. When you run Windows Performance Monitor as a member of the local Administrators group, you can monitor the usage and performance of CPU, disk, network, and memory resources in real time. More detail, including information about which processes are using which resources, is available by expanding the four resources.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about using Resource Monitor, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94506</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94506"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Performance Monitor</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Performance Monitor provides a visual display of built-in Windows performance counters, either in real time or as a way to review historical data. You can add performance counters to Performance Monitor by dragging and dropping, or by creating custom Data Collector Sets. It features multiple graph views that enable you to visually review performance log data. You can create custom views in Performance Monitor that can be exported as Data Collector Sets for use with performance and logging features. </maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about using Performance Monitor, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94509</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94509"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Access to Reliability and Performance Monitor features</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Members of the local Administrators group, or equivalent, can use all the features of Windows Performance Monitor. The following list summarizes which features are accessible to members of other groups:</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Members of the Users group</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Can open log files for viewing in Performance Monitor, and can change the Performance Monitor display properties while viewing historical data.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Cannot create or modify Data Collector Sets, use Resource View, or view real-time performance data in Performance Monitor.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>You cannot configure a Data Collector Set to run as a member of the Users group.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Members of the Performance Monitor Users group</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Can use all the features that are available to the Users group.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Can view real-time performance data in Performance Monitor, and can change the Performance Monitor display properties while viewing real-time data.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Cannot create or modify Data Collector Sets or use Resource View.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>You cannot configure a Data Collector Set to run as a member of the Performance Monitor Users group.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Members of the Performance Log Users group</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Can use all the features that are available to the Performance Monitor Users group.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Can create and modify Data Collector Sets after the group is assigned the <maml:ui>Log on as a batch user</maml:ui> user right.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>If you are a member of the Performance Log Users group, you must configure Data Collector Sets that you create to run under your own credentials.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Cannot use the Windows Kernel Trace provider in Data Collector Sets or use Resource Monitor.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For Windows Performance Monitor documentation on the Web, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=54855</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=54855"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual>GIF89a {{{ޭkkkֽsss111BBB)))RRR!!!999JJJ ! , u`'Fph@iʴa#Kʔ A" 2bpB1$v
ʈT [@4FJ4z;#<G8 :4u8;8 (! ;<maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>What's New in Ease of Access (Accessibility)?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This version of Windows introduces the Ease of Access Center, a centralized location for accessibility settings and programs that used to be found in Accessibility Options. The Ease of Access Center also features a new questionnaire that you can use to get suggestions for accessibility features that you might find useful.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Why did the name change?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The name has changed to help more people find accessibility settings and programs.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Where can I find the Ease of Access Center?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Ease of Access Center is located in Control Panel. Open Ease of Access Center by clicking the <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui> button, clicking <maml:ui>Control Panel</maml:ui>, clicking <maml:ui>Ease of Access</maml:ui>, and then clicking <maml:ui>Ease of Access Center</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>What happened to Utility Manager?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Ease of Access Center replaces it. If you're accustomed to opening Utility Manager by pressing the Windows key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> + U, you can still get to the same settings with that keyboard shortcut. Now, that keyboard shortcut opens the Ease of Access Center, where more settings are available in one place.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>What happened to the accessibility wizard?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>It has been replaced by an optional questionnaire in the Ease of Access Center. Based on the answers you provide to the questions, the questionnaire recommends accessibility settings and assistive technologies and settings that can make the computer easier to use.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Availability and Scalability Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using the clustering technologies in products in the Windows Server® 2008 R2 operating system, you can help increase the availability and scalability for applications that are critically important to your organization. These applications include corporate databases, e-mail, and Web-based services such as retail Web sites. By using appropriate clustering technologies and carefully implementing good design and operational practices (for example, configuration management and capacity management), you can scale your installation appropriately and ensure that your applications and services are available whenever customers and employees need them.</maml:para>
<maml:para>This topic contains the following sections:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Availability, scalability, and clustering technologies</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9db79601-895d-4148-8cbb-85a1edcf982f#BKMK_availability"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Failover cluster overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9db79601-895d-4148-8cbb-85a1edcf982f#BKMK_failover"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Network Load Balancing overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=9db79601-895d-4148-8cbb-85a1edcf982f#BKMK_network"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section address="BKMK_availability">
<maml:title>Availability, scalability, and clustering technologies</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>High availability is the ability to provide user access to a service or application for a high percentage of scheduled time by attempting to reduce unscheduled outages and mitigate the impact of scheduled downtime for particular servers. Scalability is the ability to easily increase or decrease computing capacity. A cluster consists of two or more computers working together to provide a higher level of availability, scalability, or both than can be obtained by using a single computer.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 R2 provides two clustering technologies: failover clusters and Network Load Balancing (NLB). Failover clusters primarily provide high availability. Network Load Balancing provides scalability and helps increase the availability of Web-based services.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Your choice of cluster technologies (failover clusters or Network Load Balancing) depends primarily on whether the applications you run have long-running, in-memory state.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Failover clusters</maml:phrase> are designed for applications that have long-running, in-memory state, or that have large, frequently updated data states. These are called "stateful" applications, and they include database applications and messaging applications. Typical uses for failover clusters include file servers, print servers, database servers, and messaging servers. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Network Load Balancing</maml:phrase> is intended for applications that do not have long-running, in-memory state. These are called "stateless" applications. A stateless application treats each client request as an independent operation, and therefore it can load-balance each request independently. Stateless applications often have read-only data or data that changes infrequently. Front-end Web servers, virtual private networks (VPNs), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers, and firewall and proxy servers typically use Network Load Balancing. Network Load Balancing clusters can also support other TCP- or UDP-based services and applications.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_failover">
<maml:title>Failover cluster overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using a failover cluster, you can ensure that users have nearly constant access to important server-based resources. A failover cluster is a set of independent computers that work together to increase the availability of services and applications. The clustered servers (called nodes) are connected by physical cables and by software. If one of the nodes fails, another node begins to provide service through a process known as failover.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can use the Failover Cluster Manager snap-in to validate failover cluster configurations, create and manage failover clusters, and migrate some resource settings to a cluster running Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In Windows Server 2008, the changes to failover clusters (formerly known as server clusters) are aimed at simplifying cluster setup and management, making the clusters more secure and stable, improving networking in clusters, and improving how failover clusters communicate with storage.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What are failover clusters?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A failover cluster is a group of independent servers that are running Windows Server 2008 and working together to increase the availability of services and applications. When a failure occurs on one computer in a cluster, resources are redirected and the workload is redistributed to another computer in the cluster. You can use failover clusters to ensure that users have nearly constant access to important server-based resources.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations for failover clusters</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
<maml:para>Microsoft supports a failover cluster solution only if all the hardware components are marked as "Certified for Windows Server 2008 R2." In addition, the complete configuration (servers, network, and storage) must pass all tests in the Validate a Configuration Wizard, which is included in the Failover Cluster Manager snap-in.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The software used for managing a failover cluster is the Failover Cluster Manager snap-in, which is installed as part of the failover cluster feature in Windows Server 2008 R2. The underlying service that supports failover clusters is the Cluster service.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing the failover cluster feature</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Use Initial Configuration Tasks or Server Manager to install features. To install the failover cluster feature: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="ordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>In the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add features</maml:ui>. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>In the list of features presented in the wizard, click <maml:ui>Failover Clustering</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing a failover cluster</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server roles and features are managed by using Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins. To open the failover cluster snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Failover Cluster Manager</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references for failover clusters</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about failover clusters, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open the failover cluster snap-in as described in the previous section, and then press F1. </maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about failover clusters, see the following resources on the Microsoft Web site:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For a list of links to a variety of topics about failover clusters, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=68633</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=68633"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For design and deployment information for failover clusters, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=137832</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=137832"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For operations information for failover clusters, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=137835</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=137835"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For troubleshooting information for failover clusters, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=137836</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=137836"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_network">
<maml:title>Network Load Balancing overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Network Load Balancing (NLB) feature enhances the availability and scalability of Internet server applications such as those used on Web, FTP, firewall, proxy, virtual private network (VPN), and other mission-critical servers.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What are NLB clusters?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A single computer running Windows can provide a limited level of server reliability and scalable performance. However, by combining the resources of two or more computers running one of the products in Windows Server 2008 R2 into a single virtual cluster, NLB can deliver the reliability and performance that Web servers and other mission-critical servers need.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Each host runs a separate copy of the desired server applications (such as applications for Web, FTP, and Telnet servers). NLB distributes incoming client requests across the hosts in the cluster. The load weight to be handled by each host can be configured as necessary. You can also add hosts dynamically to the cluster to handle increased load. In addition, NLB can direct all traffic to a designated single host, which is called the default host.</maml:para>
<maml:para>NLB allows all of the computers in the cluster to be addressed by the same set of cluster IP addresses, and it maintains a set of unique, dedicated IP addresses for each host. For load-balanced applications, when a host fails or goes offline, the load is automatically redistributed among the computers that are still operating. When a computer fails or goes offline unexpectedly, active connections to the failed or offline server are lost. However, if you bring a host down intentionally, you can use the <maml:computerOutputInline>drainstop</maml:computerOutputInline> command to service all active connections prior to bringing the computer offline. When it is ready, the offline computer can transparently rejoin the cluster and regain its share of the workload, which allows the other computers in the cluster to handle less traffic.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations for NLB clusters</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The following list outlines the hardware and software considerations for NLB clusters:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>NLB is installed as a standard Windows networking driver component. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>NLB requires no hardware changes to enable and run. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>NLB Manager enables you to create new NLB clusters and to configure and manage clusters and all of the cluster's hosts from a single remote or local computer.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>NLB lets clients access the cluster by using a single, logical Internet name and virtual IP address—known as the cluster IP address (it retains individual names for each computer). NLB allows multiple virtual IP addresses for multihomed servers.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title><maml:para>In the case of virtual clusters, the servers do not need to be multihomed to have multiple virtual IP addresses.</maml:para></maml:alertSet>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>NLB can be bound to multiple network adapters, which allows you to configure multiple independent clusters on each host. Support for multiple network adapters is different from virtual clusters in that virtual clusters allow you to configure multiple clusters on a single network adapter.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing the NLB feature</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To use Network Load Balancing (NLB), a computer must have only TCP/IP on the adapter on which NLB is installed. Do not add any other protocols (for example, IPX) to this adapter. NLB can load balance any application or service that uses TCP/IP as its network protocol and is associated with a specific Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To install and configure NLB, you must use an account that is listed in the Administrators group on each host. If you are not using an Administrators group account when you install and configure each host, you will be prompted to provide the logon credentials for such an account. To set up an account that NLB Manager will use by default: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="ordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>In NLB Manager, expand the <maml:ui>Options</maml:ui> menu. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Credentials</maml:ui>. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>We recommend that this account not be used for any other purpose.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can use Initial Configuration Tasks or Server Manager to install NLB. To install NLB: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="ordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>In the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add features</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>In the list of features in the wizard, click <maml:ui>Network Load Balancing</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing NLB</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server roles and features are managed by using Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins. To open the Network Load Balancing Manager snap-in:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="ordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start.</maml:ui></maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Network Load Balancing Manager</maml:ui>. </maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>You can also open Network Load Balancing Manager by typing <maml:computerOutputInline>Nlbmgr</maml:computerOutputInline> at a command prompt.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references for NLB</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about NLB, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open Network Load Balancing Manager as described in the previous section, and then press F1.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For deployment information for NLB, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=87253</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=87253"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For operations information for NLB, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=87254</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=87254"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>For troubleshooting information for NLB, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=87255</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=87255"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Command Reference Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This topic provides information about the common administrative and troubleshooting tasks and tools that relate to the command line in Windows Server 2008. You will also find information about automating common administrative tasks through scripting.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Common tasks</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a5d614f4-3512-4c33-b9ba-356fbe9646e5#BKMK_1"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Useful tools</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a5d614f4-3512-4c33-b9ba-356fbe9646e5#BKMK_2"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Command-line resources</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a5d614f4-3512-4c33-b9ba-356fbe9646e5#BKMK_3"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section address="BKMK_1">
<maml:title>Common tasks</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For details about completing common administrative tasks, see the following information on the Microsoft Web site:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>How to join a domain from the command line</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94346"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Run Backup using the command line</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93131"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_2">
<maml:title>Useful tools</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This section describes the Microsoft Web site downloads and tools associated with Windows Server 2008 that relate to the command line.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Microsoft Management Console</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>No Windows Server 2008 Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins related to the command line were available when this documentation was last updated. You can use snap-ins and the command line to perform similar tasks.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Downloads</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For downloads associated with the command line, go to the Microsoft TechNet Script Center (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=63080</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=63080"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>) for scripts and tools to assist with automation.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_3">
<maml:title>Command-line resources</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For command-line reference information, see the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The Windows Server 2008 TechCenter (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=95301</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=95301"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The Windows Server 2008 Technical Library (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=132703</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=132703"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>For more information about a specific command, see the following Command Reference topics on the Microsoft Web site:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Adprep</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84287"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Append</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84468"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Arp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84469"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Assoc</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84470"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>At</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84471"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Attrib</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84472"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Auditpol</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84473"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Autochk</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84474"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Autoconv</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84475"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Autofmt</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84476"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>BCDBoot</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140115"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>BCDEdit</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84478"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Bitsadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84479"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Bootcfg</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84481"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Break</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84482"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cacls</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84483"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Call</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84484"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84485"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Certreq</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84486"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Certutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84487"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Change</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84488"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chcp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84489"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chdir</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84490"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chglogon</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84492"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chgport</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84493"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chguser</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84494"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chkdsk</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84491"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Chkntfs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84495"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Choice</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84496"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cipher</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84497"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Clip</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84498"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cls</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84499"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cluster</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84500"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cmd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84501"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Cmdkey</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84502"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Color</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84503"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Comp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84504"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Compact</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84505"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Convert</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84506"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Copy</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84507"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Csvde</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84508"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Date</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84509"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dcdiag</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84510"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dcpromo</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84511"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Defrag</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84512"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Del</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84513"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dfscmd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84514"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dir</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84516"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Diskcomp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84517"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Diskcopy</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84518"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Diskedit</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84576"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Diskpart</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84577"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>DiskRAID</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84578"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Diskshadow</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94325"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dnscmd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84579"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Doskey</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84580"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Driverquery</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84581"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsacls</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84582"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsadd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84583"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsamain</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84584"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsdbutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84585"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsget</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84586"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsmgmt</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84587"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsmod</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84588"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsmove</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84589"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsquery</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84590"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dsrm</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84835"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Echo</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84837"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Edit</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94326"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Endlocal</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84839"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Erase</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84840"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Eventcreate</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94327"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Exit</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84841"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Extract</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84842"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Fc</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84843"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Find</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84844"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Findstr</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84845"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Flattemp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84846"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>For</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84847"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Forfiles</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84848"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Format</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84849"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Freedisk</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84850"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Fsutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84851"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ftype</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84852"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Goto</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84855"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Gpresult</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84856"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Graftabl</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84857"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Help</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84862"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Icacls</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84863"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>If</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84864"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ktmutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94328"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ktpass</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84865"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Label</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84867"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ldifde</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84868"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ldp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84869"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Logman</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84872"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Logoff</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84873"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Lpq</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84870"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Lpr</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84871"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mapadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84874"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Md</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84875"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mkdir</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84876"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mklink</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84877"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mode</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84885"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>More</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84886"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mount</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84887"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mountvol</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84888"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Move</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84889"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Msg</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84890"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Msiexec</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94329"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Msinfo32</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94330"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Mstsc</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84891"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Net computer</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84894"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Net group</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84896"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Net localgroup</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84897"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Net print</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84898"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Net user</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84899"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Netdiag</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84893"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Netdom</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84892"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Nfsadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84900"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Nfsshare</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84901"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Nfsstat</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84902"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Nlb</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=88072"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Nltest</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84906"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Nslookup</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84907"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ntbackup</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84908"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ntdsutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84910"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Openfiles</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84911"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Path</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84913"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Pause</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84914"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Perfmon</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84915"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Popd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84916"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Print</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84917"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prncnfg.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84918"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prndrvr.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84919"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prnjobs.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84920"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prnmngr.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84921"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prnport.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84922"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prnqctl.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84923"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Prompt</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84929"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Psadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84925"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Pubprn.vbs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84926"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Pushd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84930"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Qappsrv</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84931"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Qprocess</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84932"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Query</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84934"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Quser</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84935"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Qwinsta</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84937"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rd</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84938"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Recover</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84940"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Redircmp</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84942"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Redirusr</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84944"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Reg</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94331"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Relog</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84946"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rem</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84948"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ren</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84949"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rename</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84950"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rendom</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84951"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Repadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84952"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Replace</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84953"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Reset session</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84954"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rmdir</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84955"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Robocopy</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84956"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rpcinfo</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84959"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Runas</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84957"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Rwinsta</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84960"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Sc</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84961"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Schtasks</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84962"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Set</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84965"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Setlocal</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84967"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Setx</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84968"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Shadow</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84969"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Shift</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84971"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Showmount</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84972"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Shutdown</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84973"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Sort</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84974"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Start</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84975"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Subst</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84980"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Systeminfo</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84981"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Takeown</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84982"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Taskkill</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84984"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tasklist</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84985"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Time</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84988"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Timeout</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84989"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Title</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84991"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tracerpt</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84992"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tree</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84994"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tscon</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84995"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tsdiscon</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84996"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tskill</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84997"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Tsprof</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84998"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Type</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84999"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Typeperf</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85000"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Umount</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85001"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ver</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85002"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Verify</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85004"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Vol</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85005"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Vssadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94332"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Waitfor</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85006"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Wbadmin</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85007"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Wecutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94333"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Wevutil</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94335"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Where</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85008"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Whoami</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85010"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Winsat</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85009"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Wmic</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85011"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Xcopy</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=85012"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft TechNet: Resources for IT Professionals (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=66683</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=66683"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Microsoft TechNet Script Center (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=63080</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=63080"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Active Directory Certificate Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) provides customizable services for issuing and managing public key certificates used in software security systems that employ public key technologies.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about AD CS, the required and optional features, and hardware and software used for running AD CS. At the end of this topic, learn how to open the management interface for AD CS and how to find more information.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in AD CS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>By using Server Manager, you can install the following components of AD CS:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Certification authorities (CAs).</maml:phrase> Root and subordinate CAs are used to issue certificates to users, computers, and services, and to manage certificate validity.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>CA Web enrollment.</maml:phrase> Web enrollment allows users to connect to a CA by means of a Web browser in order to request certificates and retrieve certificate revocation lists (CRLs).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Online Responder.</maml:phrase> The Online Responder service accepts revocation status requests for specific certificates, evaluates the status of these certificates, and sends back a signed response containing the requested certificate status information. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Network Device Enrollment Service.</maml:phrase> The Network Device Enrollment Service allows routers and other network devices that do not have domain accounts to obtain certificates.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Certificate Enrollment Web Service.</maml:phrase> The Certificate Enrollment Web Service enables users and computers to perform certificate enrollment that uses the HTTPS protocol. Together with the Certificate Enrollment Policy Web Service, this enables policy-based certificate enrollment when the client computer is not a member of a domain or when a domain member is not connected to the domain.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para><maml:phrase>Certificate Enrollment Policy Web Service.</maml:phrase> The Certificate Enrollment Policy Web Service enables users and computers to obtain certificate enrollment policy information. Together with the Certificate Enrollment Web Service, this enables policy-based certificate enrollment when the client computer is not a member of a domain or when a domain member is not connected to the domain.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Benefits of AD CS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Organizations can use AD CS to enhance security by binding the identity of a person, device, or service to a corresponding private key. AD CS gives organizations a cost-effective, efficient, and secure way to manage the distribution and use of certificates.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Applications supported by AD CS include Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME), secure wireless networks, virtual private network (VPN), Internet Protocol security (IPsec), Encrypting File System (EFS), smart card logon, Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS), and digital signatures.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The new features of AD CS in Windows Server 2008 R2 include:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Certificate enrollment that uses the HTTPS protocol.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Certificate enrollment across Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) forest boundaries.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Improved support for high-volume certificate issuance.</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Support for CAs on a Server Core installation of Windows Server 2008 R2.</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Although AD CS can be deployed on a single server, many deployments will include multiple servers configured as CAs, other servers configured as Online Responders, and others serving as Web enrollment portals. CAs can be installed on servers running a variety of operating systems, including Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2000 Server. However, not all operating systems support all features or design requirements, and creating an optimal design will require careful planning and testing before you deploy AD CS in a production environment.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing AD CS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, you can use Server Manager to set up a CA and other optional components.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Additional configuration steps need to be completed by using the appropriate snap-ins before a CA or Online Responder is functional. For more information, refer to the related Help topics for the Certification Authority snap-in and the Online Responder snap-in. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing AD CS</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use either Server Manager or Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins to manage AD CS role services. Use the following steps to open the snap-ins:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage a CA, use the Certification Authority snap-in. To open the Certification Authority snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>, type <maml:userInput>certsrv.msc</maml:userInput>, and click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage certificates, use the Certificates snap-in. To open the Certificates snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>, type <maml:userInput>certmgr.msc</maml:userInput>, and click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage certificate templates, use the Certificate Templates snap-in. To open the Certificate Templates snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>, type <maml:userInput>certtmpl.msc</maml:userInput>, and click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To manage an Online Responder, use the Online Responder snap-in. To open the Online Responder snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Run</maml:ui>, type <maml:userInput>ocsp.msc</maml:userInput>, and click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Notes </maml:title><maml:alert>Remote Server Administration Tools (RSAT) are available for Windows Vista and Windows 7:</maml:alert></maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To learn more about AD CS, you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open the Certification Authority snap-in, and then press F1 to display Help.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For more information about AD CS, see Active Directory Certificate Services (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=48545</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=48545"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Windows Online Help and Support</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>When you need to get help and your computer is connected to the Internet, your searches can include online content. The topics displayed will include the latest content from the Windows Online Help and Support Web site.</maml:para>
<maml:procedure><maml:title>To display the latest online content</maml:title><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Help and Support</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Click <maml:ui>Options</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Settings</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step><maml:step><maml:sections><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title>
<maml:para>Under <maml:ui>Search Results</maml:ui>, select the <maml:ui>Include Windows Online Help and Support when you search for help </maml:ui>check box, and then click <maml:ui>OK</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The words <maml:ui>Online Help</maml:ui> will appear in the lower-right corner of the Help window when you are connected.</maml:para>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:step></maml:procedure>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Copyright Information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>This document is provided for informational purposes only and Microsoft makes no warranties, either express or implied, in this document. Information in this document, including URL and other Internet Web site references, is subject to change without notice. The entire risk of the use or the results from the use of this document remains with the user. Unless otherwise noted, the example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious, and no association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.</maml:para>
<maml:para>© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Microsoft, MS-DOS, Active Directory, Internet Explorer, Windows, Windows NT, Windows Server, and Windows Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.</maml:para>
<maml:para>All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>File Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>A file server provides a central location on your network where you can store files and share them with users across your network. When users require an important file that is intended to be accessed by many users, such as a project plan, they can access the file remotely on the file server instead of having to pass the file between their separate computers.</maml:para>
<maml:para>If your network users need access to the same files and applications, or if centralized backup and file management are important to your organization, you should configure this computer as a file server by adding the File Services role.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The File Services role includes the following role services:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Share and Storage Management</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_ShareAndStorage"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Distributed File System (DFS)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_DFS"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>File Server Resource Manager (FSRM)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_FSRM"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Services for Network File System (NFS)</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_NFS"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Search Service</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_Search"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server 2003 File Services</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_WS2K3"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>BranchCache for network files</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_Branch"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>In addition to the role services listed above, you may also want to install the following optional features:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server Backup</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_Backup"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Storage Manager for SANs</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_SMSANs"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Failover Clustering</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_Clustering"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Multipath I/O</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=bc2211a1-e451-4858-b23d-b50d92fb2413#BKMK_Multipath"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Role services in the File Services role</maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="BKMK_ShareAndStorage">
<maml:title>Share and Storage Management</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Share and Storage Management console provides integrated and simplified management of shared folders and storage resources. You can use Share and Storage Management to share the content of folders and manage the use of shared folders.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also use Share and Storage Management to create and configure logical unit numbers (LUNs) to allocate space on storage subsystems in your storage area network (SAN).</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Share and Storage Management Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh storagemgmt.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_DFS">
<maml:title>Distributed File System (DFS)</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Distributed File System consists of two technologies that can be used together or independently to provide fault-tolerant and flexible file sharing and replication services on a Windows-based network.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>DFS Namespaces</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>DFS Namespaces enables you to group shared folders located on different servers into one or more logically structured namespaces. Each namespace appears to users as a single shared folder with a series of subfolders. However, the underlying structure of the namespace can consist of numerous shared folders located on different servers and in multiple sites. Because the underlying structure of shared folders is hidden from users, a single folder in a DFS namespace can correspond to multiple shared folders on multiple servers. This structure provides fault tolerance and the ability to automatically connect users to local shared folders, when available, instead of routing them over wide area network (WAN) connections.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Namespaces in DFS Management Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh dfs2.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>DFS Replication</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>DFS Replication is a multimaster replication engine that enables you to synchronize folders on multiple servers across local or wide area network (WAN) network connections. It uses the Remote Differential Compression (RDC) protocol to update only the portions of files that have changed since the last replication. DFS Replication can be used in conjunction with DFS Namespaces, or by itself.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Replication in DFS Management Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh dfs2.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_FSRM">
<maml:title>File Server Resource Manager (FSRM)</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>File Server Resource Manager includes several tools that enable administrators to understand, control, and manage the quantity and type of data stored on their servers. By using File Server Resource Manager, administrators can place quotas on folders and volumes, actively screen files, automatically classify files, apply classification-based file expiration and custom tasks, and generate comprehensive storage reports.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see File Server Resource Manager Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh fsrm.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_NFS">
<maml:title>Services for Network File System (NFS)</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Services for Network File System (NFS) provides a file sharing solution for enterprises that have a mixed Windows and UNIX environment. With Services for NFS, you can transfer files between computers running Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2 and UNIX operating systems using the NFS protocol.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Services for Network File System Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh nfs__lh.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Search">
<maml:title>Windows Search Service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Search Service enables you to perform fast file searches on a server from client computers that are compatible with Windows Search.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Search Service and Indexing Service</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7302fc94-727d-4778-a2f5-31df9b1e099e"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>You cannot install both Windows Search Service and Indexing Service on the same computer.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_WS2K3">
<maml:title>Windows Server 2003 File Services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The File Services role in Windows Server 2008 R2 includes the following role services that are compatible with Windows Server 2003.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Indexing Service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Indexing Service catalogs contents and properties of files on local and remote computers. It also enables you to quickly find files through a flexible query language.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Search Service and Indexing Service</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=7302fc94-727d-4778-a2f5-31df9b1e099e"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>You cannot install both Indexing Service and Windows Search Service on the same computer.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Branch"><maml:title>BranchCache for network files</maml:title>
<maml:introduction><maml:para>BranchCache for network files enables computers in branch offices to cache commonly downloaded files from shared folders on which BranchCache is enabled, and then provide those files to other computers in the branch office. This reduces network bandwidth usage and provides faster access to the files.</maml:para><maml:para>For more information, see the Windows BranchCache Overview topic in the Server Role Features Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh features.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para></maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Optional features</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You have the option of installing additional features to complement the role services in the File Services role, including the following features.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Backup">
<maml:title>Windows Server Backup</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server Backup enables you to reliably back up and recover the operating system, certain applications, and files and folders stored on the server. This feature introduces new backup and recovery technology and replaces the previous backup feature that was available with earlier versions of Windows.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Windows Server Backup Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh backup.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_SMSANs">
<maml:title>Storage Manager for SANs</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Storage Manager for SANs enables you to provision storage on one or more Fibre Channel or iSCSI storage subsystems on a storage area network (SAN).</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Storage Manager for SANs Help. You can view local Help content by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh sanmgr.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Clustering">
<maml:title>Failover Clustering</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Failover Clustering feature enables multiple servers to work together to increase the availability of services and applications. The clustered servers (called nodes) are connected by physical cables and by software. If one of the nodes fails, another node begins to provide service through a process known as failover.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see failover clustering documentation on the Web (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=62911</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=62911"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section address="BKMK_Multipath">
<maml:title>Multipath I/O</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Multipath I/O provides support for multiple data paths from a file server to a storage device. By using Multipath I/O, you can increase data availability by providing redundant connections to storage subsystems. Multipathing can also provide load balancing of I/O traffic, which improves system and application performance.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information, see Multipath I/O documentation on the Web (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81020</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=81020"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional resources</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For File Services documentation on the Web, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94208</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94208"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>. </maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Backup and Recovery Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server 2008 contains features to help you create backups and, if needed, perform a recovery of your operating system, applications, and data. By using these features appropriately and implementing good operational practices, you can improve your organization's ability to recover from damaged or lost data, hardware failures, and disasters. For Windows Server 2008 R2, there are new features that expand what you can back up, where you can store backups, and how you can perform recoveries.</maml:para>
<maml:para>This topic contains the following sections: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Backup and recovery technologies</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=c41048b7-4ca4-485e-871e-570084eb0cb2#BKMK_Backup_and_recovery_technologies"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Shadow Copies of Shared Folders overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=c41048b7-4ca4-485e-871e-570084eb0cb2#BKMK_Shadow_Copies_Overview"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Server Backup overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=c41048b7-4ca4-485e-871e-570084eb0cb2#BKMK_Windows_Server_Backup_overview"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Recovery Environment overview</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=c41048b7-4ca4-485e-871e-570084eb0cb2#BKMK_Windows_Recovery_Environment_overview"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section address="BKMK_Backup_and_recovery_technologies">
<maml:title>Backup and recovery technologies</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>There are several features that you can use together to create backups and perform recoveries of your server systems and data. These features include the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Shadow Copies of Shared Folders.</maml:phrase> This feature is an extension to the Shared Folders Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows Server Backup tools.</maml:phrase> These include the Windows Server Backup MMC snap-in, the <maml:computerOutputInline>Wbadmin</maml:computerOutputInline> command, and the Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Windows Server Backup.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows Recovery Environment.</maml:phrase> This environment includes the System Image Recovery tool, the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool, and the Command Prompt.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>This table summarizes the tools you can use to perform the following backup or recovery tasks for your computers running Windows Server 2008 R2:</maml:para>
<maml:table><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> Shadow Copies of Shared Folders </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> Windows Server Backup snap-in </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> Wbadmin command </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> Windows PowerShell cmdlets (Windows.ServerBackup) </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> Windows Recovery Environment </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> Create shadow copies of files or folders on a shared resource </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> Create schedule for backups to be run automatically </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> Create a one-time supplemental backup </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> Perform a recovery of files, folders, applications, volumes, system state, and catalog </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> Perform a bare metal recovery, full server recovery, or recovery of the operating system </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row><maml:row><maml:entry><maml:para> Remote management </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry><maml:entry><maml:para> YES </maml:para></maml:entry></maml:row></maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section><maml:title></maml:title><maml:introduction></maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_Shadow_Copies_Overview">
<maml:title>Shadow Copies of Shared Folders overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Shadow Copies of Shared Folders provides point-in-time copies of files that are located on shared resources, such as a file server.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is Shadow Copies of Shared Folders?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Shadow Copies of Shared Folders is a feature included in the Shared Folders MMC snap-in that you or your users can use to view shared files and folders as they existed at points of time in the past. Accessing previous versions of files, or shadow copies, is useful because you can: </maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Recover files that were accidentally deleted</maml:phrase>. If you accidentally delete a file, you can open a previous version and copy it to a safe location.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Recover from accidentally overwriting a file</maml:phrase>. If you accidentally overwrite a file, you can recover a previous version of the file. (The number of versions depends on how many snapshots you have created.)</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Compare versions of a file while working</maml:phrase>. You can use previous versions when you want to check what has changed between versions of a file.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>However, creating shadow copies is not a replacement for creating regular backups. Use a tool such as Windows Server Backup to create regular backups of your server. Also, you can only enable Shadow Copies of Shared Folders on a per-volume basis—that is, you cannot select specific shared folders and files on a volume to be copied or not copied.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations for Shadow Copies of Shared Folders</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Shadow Copies of Shared Folders is available in all editions of Windows Server 2008. However, the Shadow Copies of Shared Folders user interface is not available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008. To create shadow copies for computers with a Server Core installation, you need to manage this feature remotely from another computer.</maml:para>
<maml:para>If you plan to defragment the source volume on which Shadow Copies of Shared Folders is enabled, we recommend that you set the cluster allocation unit size to be 16 KB or larger when you initially format the source volume. If you do not, the number of changes caused by defragmentation can cause previous versions of files to be deleted.</maml:para>
<maml:para>If you require NTFS file compression on the source volume, you cannot use an allocation unit size larger than 4 KB. In this case, when you defragment a volume that is very fragmented, you may lose older shadow copies faster than expected.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references for Shadow Copies of Shared Folders</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For more information about Shadow Copies of Shared Folders and recovering files and folders, see the following resources:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For instructions to enable and manage Shadow Copies of Shared Folders, see the local Help by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh scfs.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For technical information about Shadow Copies of Shared Folders, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94407</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94407"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For technical information about how to use Shadow Copies of Shared Folders with the Previous Versions client, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94410</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94410"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For technical information about backup and recovery, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93236</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93236"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_Windows_Server_Backup_overview">
<maml:title>Windows Server Backup overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server Backup is a feature that provides a set of wizards and other tools for you to perform basic backup and recovery tasks for your servers. This feature has been updated since its first release in Windows Server 2008. In addition, the previous backup feature (Ntbackup.exe) that was available with earlier versions of Windows has been removed.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is Windows Server Backup?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para> Windows Server Backup consists of an MMC snap-in, command-line tools, and Windows PowerShell cmdlets that provide a complete solution for your day-to-day backup and recovery needs. You can use the four wizards to guide you through running backups and recoveries. You can use Windows Server Backup to back up a full server (all volumes), selected volumes, the system state, or specific files or folders, and to create a backup that you can use for bare metal recovery. You can recover volumes, folders, files, certain applications, and the system state. And, in case of disasters like hard disk failures, you can perform a system recovery or bare metal recovery by using a full server or a bare metal recovery backup and the Windows Recovery Environment—this will restore your complete system onto the new hard disk.</maml:para>
<maml:para>You can use Windows Server Backup to create and manage backups for the local computer or a remote computer. Also, you can schedule backups to run automatically.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server Backup is intended for use by everyone who needs a basic backup solution—from small business owners to IT professionals in large enterprises. However, the design makes it especially well-suited for smaller organizations or individuals who are not IT professionals.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>You cannot recover backups that you created in earlier versions of Windows with Ntbackup.exe by using Windows Server Backup. However, a version of Ntbackup.exe is available as a download to Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 for users who want to recover data from backups created using Ntbackup.exe. The downloadable version of Ntbackup.exe is only for recovering backups for older versions of Windows and cannot be used to create new backups. To download Ntbackup.exe, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82917</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=82917"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in Windows Server Backup</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows Server Backup snap-in</maml:phrase>. This tool contains four wizards to help you perform backups and recoveries of your servers: Schedule Backup Wizard, Backup Once Wizard, Recovery Wizard, and Catalog Recovery Wizard. You can use the main page of the snap-in to view information about any past or future backup or recovery operations. Also, you can use the tool to configure performance options for backups and recoveries.</maml:para> <maml:para>As a new functionality in Windows Server 2008 R2, you can create backups with the Schedule Backup Wizard and the Backup Once Wizard that you can use to perform system state or bare metal recoveries. Other new functionality includes the ability to store scheduled backups on a remote shared folder, to back up specific files and folders rather than full volumes, and the ability to exclude files based on location and file type.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Wbadmin command</maml:phrase>. Windows Server Backup includes the <maml:computerOutputInline>Wbadmin</maml:computerOutputInline> command and documentation, which enable you to perform the same tasks at the command line that you can perform by using the snap-in. For more information, see the Command Reference (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140216</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140216"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>). You can also automate backup activities through scripting.</maml:para><maml:para>Changes to this command are the same as the changes for the Windows Server Backup snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Windows Server Backup</maml:phrase>. Windows Server 2008 R2 contains an updated collection of cmdlets for Windows Server Backup that you can use to write scripts to perform backups. For more information, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140217</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140217"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations for Windows Server Backup</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Server Backup is available in all editions of Windows Server 2008. However, the Windows Server Backup snap-in is not available for the Server Core installation option. To run backups for computers with a Server Core installation, you need to either use the command line or manage backups remotely from another computer. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Windows Server Backup supports external and internal hard disks, optical media drives, and removable media drives. You can no longer back up to tape—however, support of tape storage drivers is still included. To perform a scheduled backup, as a best practice, use an external hard disk that supports either USB 2.0 or IEEE 1394.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references for Windows Server Backup</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For more information about Windows Server Backup, see the following resources:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For instructions to install Windows Server Backup and to create backups and perform recoveries, see the local Help by typing the following command at a command prompt: <maml:computerOutputInline>hh backup.chm</maml:computerOutputInline>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For technical information, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93236</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93236"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about the <maml:computerOutputInline>Wbadmin</maml:computerOutputInline> command, see the Command Reference (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140216</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140216"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about cmdlets for Windows Server Backup, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140217</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140217"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For in-depth troubleshooting information for events, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140218</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140218"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_Windows_Recovery_Environment_overview">
<maml:title>Windows Recovery Environment overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Recovery Environment is a partial version of the operating system and a set of tools that you can use to perform system recoveries (along with a backup that you created earlier using Windows Server Backup).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>What is Windows Recovery Environment?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can access the recovery and troubleshooting tools in Windows Recovery Environment through the <maml:ui>System Recovery Options</maml:ui> dialog box in the Install Windows Wizard. In Windows Server 2008 R2, to launch this wizard, use the Windows Setup disc or start/restart the computer, press <maml:ui>F8</maml:ui>, and then select <maml:ui>Repair Your Computer</maml:ui> from the list of startup options. </maml:para>
<maml:para>You can also configure your servers to fail over to the Windows Recovery Environment if they fail to boot. (For instructions, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94458</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94458"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.)</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in Windows Recovery Environment</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The tools in Windows Recovery Environment include:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>System Image Recovery</maml:phrase>. You can use this tool and a backup that you created earlier with Windows Server Backup to restore your operating system or full server.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows Memory Diagnostic</maml:phrase>. You can use this tool (which is a memory diagnostic schedule) to check your computer's RAM. Doing this requires a restart. In addition, this tool requires a valid Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 R2, or Windows 7 installation to function. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Command Prompt</maml:phrase>. This opens a command prompt window with Administrator privileges that provides full access to your file system and volumes. In addition, certain <maml:computerOutputInline>Wbadmin</maml:computerOutputInline> commands are only available from this command window. For information about the <maml:computerOutputInline>Wbadmin</maml:computerOutputInline> command, see the Command Reference (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140216</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=140216"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations for Windows Recovery Environment</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Windows Recovery Environment is available in all editions of Windows Server 2008. However, the processor architecture for a given instance of Windows Recovery Environment and the computer whose system you are trying to restore must match. For example, Windows Recovery Environment for an x64-based version of the operating system only works on an x64-based computer. In addition, for Windows Server 2008, your hardware manufacturer may have installed Windows Recovery Environment on a partition on your server—if not, you will need a Setup disc to access this tool.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For Windows Server 2008 R2, the Windows Recovery Environment is installed by default, except for the Server Core installation option.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references for Windows Recovery Environment</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>For more information about Windows Recovery Environment and recovering your server, see the following resources:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For technical information about Windows Recovery Environment, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94414</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=94414"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For technical information about backup and recovery, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93236</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=93236"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Group Policy Management Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Group Policy Management includes the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC), the Microsoft Management Console that allows you to manage Group Policy cost effectively for your enterprise.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The Group Policy Management Console simplifies the management of domain-based Group Policy by providing a single experience for managing, editing, and reporting the core aspects of Group Policy. You can think of the GPMC as a one-stop resource for managing your Group Policy needs.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The Group Policy Management Console includes:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A user interface that improves the ease of use of Group Policy.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Backup and restore of Group Policy objects (GPOs).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Import/export and copy/paste of GPOs and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) filters.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Simplified management of Group Policy–related security.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>HTML reporting for GPO settings and Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP) data.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>The ability to include text-based comments in Group Policy objects and registry-based policy settings.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Filtered views of registry-based policy settings based on keywords within the title, Help text, or comment of policy settings.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Starter Group Policy objects: portable collections of registry-based policy settings, which provide starting points for GPOs.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Preferences: twenty-one additional Group Policy extensions that allow you to manage drive mappings, registry settings, local users and groups, services, files, folders, and more without the need to learn a scripting language.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Print and Document Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>On computers running Windows Server® 2008 R2, Print and Document Services is a role in Server Manager that enables you to share printers and scanners on a network, setup print servers and scan servers, and centralize network printer and scanner management tasks by using the Print Management and Scan Management Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins respectively. Print Management helps you to monitor print queues and receive notifications when print queues stop processing print jobs. It also enables you to migrate print servers and to deploy printer connections using Group Policy. Scan Management enables you to monitor network scanners and scan servers, process scanned documents and then route them to network folders, Windows SharePoint Web sites, and to e-mail recipients.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing print and scan resources</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>There are three primary tools that you can use to manage Windows print servers and scan servers:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Server Manager</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Print Management</maml:para></maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem><maml:para>Scan Management</maml:para></maml:listItem></maml:list>
<maml:para>On Windows Server 2008 R2, you use Server Manager to install the Print and Document Services server role and role services. These role services also install the Print Management and Scan Management snaps-ins.</maml:para>
<maml:para>The Print Management and Scan Management snaps-ins are also available on computers running Windows 7. You use the snap-ins to monitor network printers and scanners, and to manage Windows print servers and scan servers in your organization.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
</maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_Services">
<maml:title>Print and Document Services role services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Print and Document Services role in Windows Server 2008 R2 includes four relevant role services for managing print and scan resources. The first three role services provide the functionality of a print server, while Distributed Scan Server provides the functionality for a scan server. You can add these role services while you are installing the Print Services role using the Add Roles Wizard for Server Manager. Or you can install them at a later time by using the Add Role Services Wizard for Server Manager.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>Because Windows 7 is a client operating system, it does not include role services. Instead, it includes the Print Management and Scan Management snap-ins. Windows 7 also includes the Line Printer Daemon (LPD) Print Service role service as an optional Windows feature. Windows 7 does not include the Internet Printing or Distributed Scan Server role services.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Print Server role service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Print Server is a role service of the Print and Document Services role, and installs the Print Management snap-in. Print Management is used for managing multiple network printers or print servers and migrating printers to and from other Windows print servers.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>LPD Service role service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The LPD Service role service that installs and starts the TCP/IP Print Server (LPDSVC) service, which enables UNIX-based computers or other computers that are using the Line Printer Remote (LPR) service to print to shared printers on this server.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section><maml:title>Internet Printing role service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Internet Printing role service in Windows Server 2008 R2 creates a Web site hosted by Internet Information Services (IIS). This Web site enables users to manage print jobs on the server, and to use a Web browser to connect and print to shared printers on the server by using the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP). (Users must have Internet Printing Client installed.)</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section><maml:title>Distributed Scan Server role service</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Distributed Scan Server is a role service that installs the Scan Management snap-in. Scan Management is used for monitoring multiple network scanners, configuring scan servers, processing scanned documents and then delivering them throughout your network.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and software considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Additional references</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>To learn more about Print Management or Scan Management, open Help in the corresponding MMC snap-in.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For more information about Print and Document Services, see<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143899</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143899"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about troubleshooting print-related events in Event Viewer, see the Printing Infrastructure troubleshooting content (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143900</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=143900"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For information about the syntax and usage for command-line tools in Windows, see the Command Reference (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=88070</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=88070"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Keyboard Shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Keyboard shortcuts can make it easier to interact with your computer because you don't need to use the mouse as often.</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Ease of Access keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_EOA"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>General keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_GEN"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Dialog box keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_DB"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Microsoft keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_MSFT"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_WEX"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Sidebar keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_WSB"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Photo Gallery keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_WPG"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>Windows Help viewer keyboard shortcuts</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="mshelp://windows/?id=e31f7235-6fd5-4a8d-bf6d-58c9647d0062#BKMK_WHV"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink></maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section address="BKMK_EOA">
<maml:title>Ease of Access keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Right SHIFT for eight seconds</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Turn Filter Keys on and off</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (or PRTSCRN)</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Turn High Contrast on or off</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Turn Mouse Keys on or off</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT five times</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Turn Sticky Keys on or off</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>NUM LOCK for five seconds</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Turn Toggle Keys on or off</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +U</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the Ease of Access Center</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_GEN">
<maml:title>General keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F1</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display Help</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+C</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Copy the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+X</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cut the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+V</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Paste the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Z</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Undo an action</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Y</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Redo an action</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DELETE</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT+DELETE</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F2</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Rename the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+DOWN ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+UP ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+SHIFT with an arrow key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select a block of text</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT with any arrow key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL with any arrow key+SPACEBAR</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+A</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select all items in a document or window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F3</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Search for a file or folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+ENTER</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display properties for the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+F4</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Close the active item, or exit the active program</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+SPACEBAR</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the shortcut menu for the active window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+F4</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Switch between open items</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+ALT+TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Use the arrow keys to switch between open items</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Mouse scroll wheel</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Change the size of icons on the desktop</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3-D</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3-D</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+ESC</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F6</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F4</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the Address bar list in Windows Explorer</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT+F10</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the shortcut menu for the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+ESC</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the Start menu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+underlined letter</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the corresponding menu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+underlined letter</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F10</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Activate the menu bar in the active program</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F5</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Refresh the active window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+UP ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ESC</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cancel the current task</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+SHIFT+ESC</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open Task Manager</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT when you insert a CD</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Prevent the CD from automatically playing</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_DB">
<maml:title>Dialog box keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move forward through tabs</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+SHIFT+TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move back through tabs</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move forward through options</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT+TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move back through options</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+underlined letter</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Perform the command (or select the option) that goes with that letter</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ENTER</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SPACEBAR</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Arrow keys</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F1</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display Help</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F4</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the items in the active list</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>BACKSPACE</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_MSFT">
<maml:title>Microsoft keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> </maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open or close the Start menu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +PAUSE</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the System Properties dialog box</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +D</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the desktop</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +M</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Minimize all windows</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +SHIFT+M</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Restore minimized windows to the desktop</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +E</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open Computer</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +F</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Search for a file or folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +F</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Search for computers (if you are on a network)</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +L</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Lock your computer or switch users</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +R</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the Run dialog box</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +T</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through programs on the taskbar</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3-D</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3-D</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +SPACEBAR</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Bring all gadgets to the front and select Windows Sidebar</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +G</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through Sidebar gadgets</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +U</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open Ease of Access Center</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +X</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open Windows Mobility Center</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> with any number key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the Quick Launch shortcut that is in the position that corresponds to the number. For example, Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +1 to launch the first shortcut in the Quick Launch menu.</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_WEX">
<maml:title>Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+N</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open a new window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>END</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the bottom of the active window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>HOME</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the top of the active window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F11</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Maximize or minimize the active window</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>NUM LOCK+ASTERISK (*) on numeric keypad</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display all subfolders under the selected folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN (+) on numeric keypad</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the contents of the selected folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN (-) on numeric keypad</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Collapse the selected folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Collapse the current selection (if it is expanded), or select the parent folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>View the previous folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the current selection (if it is collapsed), or select the first subfolder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>View the next folder</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Mouse scroll wheel</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+D</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select the Address bar</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_WSB">
<maml:title>Windows Sidebar keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +SPACEBAR</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Bring all gadgets to the front and select Sidebar</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Windows logo key <maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=652015d6-7125-4679-99be-894698d3567e" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Update Icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject> +G</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through Sidebar gadgets</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>TAB</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Cycle through Sidebar controls</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_WPG">
<maml:title>Windows Photo Gallery keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+F</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open the Fix pane</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+P</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Print the selected picture</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ENTER</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>View the selected picture at a larger size</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+I</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Open or close the Details pane</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+PERIOD (.)</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Rotate the picture clockwise</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+COMMA (,)</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Rotate the picture counter-clockwise</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F2</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Rename the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+E</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Search for an item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Go back</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Go forward</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>PLUS SIGN (+)</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Zoom in or resize the picture thumbnail</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>MINUS SIGN (-)</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Zoom out or resize the picture thumbnail</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+Mouse scroll wheel</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Change the size of the picture thumbnail</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+B</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Best fit</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select the previous item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DOWN ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select the next item or row</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>UP ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Previous item (Easel) or previous row (Thumbnail)</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>PAGE UP</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Previous screen</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>PAGE DOWN</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Next screen</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>HOME</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select the first item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>END</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Select the last item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>DELETE</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the selected item to the Recycle Bin</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>SHIFT+DELETE</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Permanently delete the selected item</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Collapse node</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Expand node</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Keyboard shortcuts for working with videos</maml:phrase></maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para> </maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>J</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move back one frame</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>K</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Pause the playback</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>L</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move forward one frame</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>I</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Set the start trim point</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>O</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Set the end trim point</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>M</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Split a clip</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>HOME</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Stop and rewind all the way back to the start trim point</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Advance to the next frame</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Go back to the previous frame</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+K</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Stop and rewind playback</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+P</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Play from the current location</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>HOME</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the start trim point </maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>END</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move to the end trim point</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>PAGE UP</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Seek to nearest split point before the current location</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>PAGE DOWN</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Seek to nearest split point after the current location</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section address="BKMK_WHV">
<maml:title>Windows Help viewer keyboard shortcuts</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:table>
<maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Press this key</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>To do this</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:tableHeader>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+C</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the Table of Contents</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+N</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the Connection Settings menu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F10</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the Options menu</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+LEFT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move back to the previously viewed topic</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+RIGHT ARROW</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move forward to the next (previously viewed) topic</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+A</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the customer support page</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>ALT+HOME</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Display the Help and Support home page</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>HOME</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move the to beginning of a topic</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>END</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move to the end of a topic</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+F</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Search the current topic</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>CTRL+P</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Print a topic</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
<maml:row>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>F3</maml:para>
</maml:entry>
<maml:entry>
<maml:para>Move to the Search box</maml:para>
</maml:entry></maml:row>
</maml:table>
</maml:introduction></maml:section></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Web Server Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The Web server role in Windows Server® 2008 lets you share information with users on the Internet, an intranet, or an extranet. Windows Server 2008 delivers IIS 7.0, which is a unified Web platform that integrates IIS, ASP.NET, and Windows Communication Foundation. The key features and improvements in IIS 7.0 include the following:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>A unified Web platform that delivers a single, consistent Web solution for both administrators and developers.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Enhanced security and the ability to customize the server to reduce the attack surface.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Simplified diagnostic and troubleshooting features to aide in resolution of problems.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Improved configuration and support for server farms.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Delegated administration for hosting and enterprise workloads.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>For more information about the Web server role, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89710</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89710"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, learn more about the Web server role, the required and optional features in a Web server, and hardware and software used for running a Web server. At the end of this topic, learn how to open the interface for the Web server and how to find more information about Web servers.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What Are Web Servers?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Web servers are computers that have specific software that allows them to accept requests from client computers and return responses to those requests. Web servers let you share information over the Internet, or through intranets and extranets.</maml:para>
<maml:para>With a Web server, you can:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Provide information to users on the Internet.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Let users download and upload content with FTP or World Wide Web Distributed Versioning and Authoring (WebDAV).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Host Web services that contain business logic for three-tier applications.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Distribute applications to users over the Internet instead of through physical media, such as floppy disks or CDs.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>Web servers can be useful for different customers and needs. For example:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Small business owners might provide information about their services by using a simple Web site.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Owners of medium-sized businesses might offer their goods and services through an online ordering system composed of various applications in a site.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Enterprise businesses might develop and provide business applications to employees over corporate intranets.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Hosting companies might provide individual customers with server space and services to host different online content and applications.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Corporations might provide pertinent information and applications to business partners through extranets.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Features in the IIS 7.0 Web Server Role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The following sections describe features of and improvements to IIS 7.0, the Web platform in Windows Server 2008.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction>
<maml:sections>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>New Administration Tools</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>IIS 7.0 provides a new task-based UI and a new powerful command-line tool. These new administration tools let you:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Manage IIS and ASP.NET in one tool.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>View health and diagnostic information that includes the ability to view currently executing requests in real-time.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure user and role permissions for sites and applications.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Delegate site and application configuration to non-administrators.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Configuration</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>IIS 7.0 introduces a new configuration store that integrates IIS and ASP.NET configuration settings for the whole Web platform. The new configuration store lets you:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure IIS and ASP.NET settings in one configuration store, which uses a consistent format and can be accessed from a common set of APIs.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Delegate configuration in a precise and secure manner to distributed configuration files that live in content directories.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Copy configuration and content for a particular site or application to another computer.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Script configuration for IIS and ASP.NET using a new WMI provider.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Diagnostics and Troubleshooting</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>IIS 7.0 Web server lets you more easily diagnose and troubleshoot problems on the Web server. The new diagnostics and troubleshooting features let you:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>View real-time state information about application pools, worker processes, sites, application domains, and current requests.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Log detailed trace information about a request as it makes its way through the IIS request-processing channel.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure IIS to automatically log detailed trace information based on elapsed time or error response codes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Modular Architecture</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>In IIS 7.0, the Web server is composed of modules that you can add and remove from the server as needed. The new architecture lets you:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Customize your server by adding only the features that you need and use, which minimizes the security and memory footprint of the Web server.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Configure features (such as authentication, authorization, and custom errors) that were previously duplicated in IIS and ASP.NET in one location.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Apply existing ASP.NET features, such as Forms authentication or URL authorization, to all request types.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
<maml:section>
<maml:title>Compatibility</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>IIS 7.0 Web server guarantees maximum compatibility for existing applications. IIS 7.0 lets you continue to:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Use existing Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI) and WMI scripts.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Run Active Server Pages (ASP) applications without changes to code.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Run existing ASP.NET 1.1, and ASP.NET 2.0 applications to work without code changes (when you run in an application pool with ISAPI mode in IIS 7.0).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Use existing ISAPI extensions without changes.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>Use existing ISAPI filters except those which rely on READ RAW notifications.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section>
</maml:sections>
</maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Hardware and Software Considerations</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The hardware and software requirements for the Web server role are the same as requirements for Windows Server 2008. Use performance counters, lab test results, existing data from production environments, and pilot roll-outs to determine the capacity needed for your server and adjust as necessary.</maml:para>
<maml:alertSet class="note"><maml:title>Note </maml:title>
<maml:para>A limited set of server roles is available for the Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 and for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems.</maml:para>
</maml:alertSet>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing a Web Server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, you can use Initial Configuration Tasks or Server Manager to install server roles. To install the Web server role, in the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui> and in the list of server roles in the wizard, click <maml:ui>Web Server (IIS)</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing a Web Server</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>Server roles are managed by using Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins. Use IIS Manager to manage a Web server. To open IIS Manager, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>All Programs</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For More Information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about the Web server role you can view the Help on your server. To do this, open IIS Manager as described in the previous section and press F1.</maml:para>
<maml:para>For more information about the Web server role, see topics for Windows Server 2008 on the Web:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For more information about the Web server role and information about operating a Web server, see <maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89710</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=89710"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para>For more information about deploying, operating, and troubleshooting a Web server, see IIS.NET (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84933</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84933"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
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N+- -2 ;<maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Windows Server Home Art</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para><maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a0e855d3-6fdb-40dd-a81d-e2e75f9811b2" mimeType="image/jpg"><maml:summary>Getting Started icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a9bf26dc-286c-4054-af65-7dfe15c6386e" mimeType="image/jpg"><maml:summary>Question mark icon image</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=b1448ebb-d0b8-4c72-978c-971bbbf963d8" mimeType="image/jpg"><maml:summary>Search icon image</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=1b0dc4eb-5446-49c2-a64f-c3973d9acdad" mimeType="image/jpg"><maml:summary>Server roles icon</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject></maml:para>
<maml:para><maml:embedObject><maml:objectUri href="mshelp://windows/?id=a507815f-88e2-45b8-abb3-417ef605b2f3" mimeType="image/gif"><maml:summary>Windows Server 2008 logo</maml:summary></maml:objectUri></maml:embedObject></maml:para>
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</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections></maml:sections></maml:content></maml:conceptual><maml:conceptual contentType="conceptual" xmlns:maml="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10" xmlns:dev="http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"><maml:title>Active Directory Federation Services Overview</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can use the Active Directory® Federation Services (AD FS) server role in the Windows Server® 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 operating systems to create a highly extensible, Internet-scalable, and secure identity access solution that can operate across multiple platforms, including both Windows and non-Windows environments.</maml:para>
<maml:para>In the following sections, you will learn more about AD FS, including an overview of the technology, and how to install and manage it.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction><maml:content><maml:sections><maml:section>
<maml:title>What is AD FS?</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>AD FS is an identity access solution that provides browser-based clients (internal or external to your network) with seamless, "one prompt" access to one or more protected Internet-facing applications, even when the user accounts and applications are located in completely different networks or organizations. </maml:para>
<maml:para>When an application is in one network and user accounts are in another network, it is typical for users to encounter prompts for secondary credentials when they attempt to access the application. These secondary credentials represent the identity of the users in the realm where the application resides. The Web server that hosts the application usually requires these credentials so that it can make the most appropriate authorization decision. </maml:para>
<maml:para>AD FS makes secondary accounts and their credentials unnecessary by providing trust relationships that you can use to project a user's digital identity and access rights to trusted partners. In a federated environment, each organization continues to manage its own identities, but each organization can also securely project and accept identities from other organizations. </maml:para>
<maml:para>Furthermore, you can deploy federation servers in multiple organizations to facilitate business-to-business (B2B) transactions between trusted partner organizations. Federated B2B partnerships identify business partners as one of the following types of organization:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Resource organization:</maml:phrase> Organizations that own and manage resources that are accessible from the Internet can deploy AD FS federation servers and AD FS-enabled Web servers that manage access to protected resources for trusted partners. These trusted partners can include external third parties or other departments or subsidiaries in the same organization.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Account organization:</maml:phrase> Organizations that own and manage user accounts can deploy AD FS federation servers that authenticate local users and create security tokens that federation servers in the resource organization use later to make authorization decisions.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
<maml:para>The process of authenticating to one network while accessing resources in another network—without the burden of repeated logon actions by users—is known as single sign-on (SSO). AD FS provides a Web-based, SSO solution that authenticates users to multiple Web applications over the life of a single browser session.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>AD FS role services</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>The AD FS server role includes federation services, proxy services, and Web agent services that you configure to enable Web SSO, federate Web-based resources, customize the access experience, and manage how existing users are authorized to access applications.</maml:para>
<maml:para>Depending on your organization's requirements, you can deploy servers running any one of the following AD FS role services:</maml:para>
<maml:list class="unordered">
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Federation Service:</maml:phrase> The Federation Service comprises one or more federation servers that share a common trust policy. You use federation servers to route authentication requests from user accounts in other organizations or from clients that may be located anywhere on the Internet.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Federation Service Proxy:</maml:phrase> The Federation Service Proxy is a proxy to the Federation Service in the perimeter network (also known as a demilitarized zone and screened subnet). The Federation Service Proxy uses WS-Federation Passive Requester Profile (WS-F PRP) protocols to collect user credential information from browser clients, and it sends the user credential information to the Federation Service on their behalf.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Claims-aware agent:</maml:phrase> You use the claims-aware agent on a Web server that hosts a claims-aware application to allow the querying of AD FS security token claims. A claims-aware application is a Microsoft ASP.NET application that uses claims that are present in an AD FS security token to make authorization decisions and personalize applications. </maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
<maml:listItem>
<maml:para><maml:phrase>Windows token–based agent:</maml:phrase> You use the Windows token–based agent on a Web server that hosts a Windows NT token–based application to support conversion from an AD FS security token to an impersonation-level, Windows NT access token. A Windows NT token–based application is an application that uses Windows-based authorization mechanisms.</maml:para>
</maml:listItem>
</maml:list>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Installing the AD FS role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>After you finish installing the operating system, a list of initial configuration tasks appears. To install AD FS, in the list of tasks, click <maml:ui>Add roles</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Active Directory Federation Services</maml:ui>. </maml:para>
<maml:para>For detailed instructions about installing and configuring an AD FS test lab environment, see the AD FS in Windows Server 2008 R2 Step-by-Step Guide (<maml:navigationLink><maml:linkText>http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=133009</maml:linkText><maml:uri href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=133009"></maml:uri></maml:navigationLink>).</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>Managing the AD FS role</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>You can manage server roles with Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins. After you install AD FS, you can use the Active Directory Federation Services snap-in to manage both the Federation Service and Federation Service Proxy role services. To open this snap-in, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Active Directory Federation Services</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
<maml:para>To manage the Windows token–based agent, click <maml:ui>Start</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Administrative Tools</maml:ui>, click <maml:ui>Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager</maml:ui>, and then click <maml:ui>Connect to localhost</maml:ui>.</maml:para>
</maml:introduction></maml:section><maml:section>
<maml:title>For more information</maml:title><maml:introduction>
<maml:para>To learn more about AD FS, you can view the Help on your server. To display Help, open the Active Directory Federation Services snap-in as described in the previous section, and then press F1.</maml:para>
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